Abstract

This study explores how Korean Seon Buddhism has adapted its meditation practices in response to modern influences, particularly through the integration of mindfulness-based approaches within the Templestay program. While rooted in traditional Ganhwa Seon, which emphasizes hwadu contemplation for self-inquiry and master-disciple transmission, contemporary Seon practice has evolved to accommodate a broader audience, including international and secular practitioners. However, the push for greater accessibility in Seon meditation has sparked debates about whether these modern adaptations dilute traditional Seon training or make it more relevant to contemporary practitioners. Focusing on English conducted Templestay programs targeting foreigners, this study aims to analyze how these adaptations shape the experience of Seon meditation and make it accessible to a global audience. Through first-hand experiences at four Korean Buddhist temples offering Templestay programs—Hwagyesa, Golgulsa, Lotus Lantern International Meditation Center, and the International Seon Center—the study examines the distinct meditation approaches used, ranging from hwadu practice to Seonmudo, breath awareness, and mantra meditation. The findings suggest that rather than homogenizing with global mindfulness, Templestay programs constitute sites of pragmatic negotiation, in which the degree of adherence to traditional Ganhwa Seon varies significantly according to the specific institutional history and pedagogical orientation of each temple.