This study compared the influence of depressed mood and parenting guilt and parenting stress on parenting behaviors between North Korean Women Refugees(219) and South Korean Women(100). ANCOVA showed that North Korean Women Refugees had higher depressed mood, parenting guilt, parenting stress, and negative parenting behaviors than South Korean Women. Depressed mood, parenting guilt, parenting stress, and parenting behaviors of North Korean Women Refugees differed on their settlement period. The group settled in community from one to three years showed more depressed mood and parenting guilt than the group educated in Hanawon(Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees), and the group of settlement period from three to five years had the lowest scores on parenting stress among refugees. Hanawon group had the lowest scores on positive parenting behaviors. In North Korean Women Refugees, depressed mood had significant positive correlation with the parenting guilt and parenting stress, but with positive parenting behaviors, too. In South Korean Women, depressed mood was positively correlated with parenting guilt, parenting stress, and negatively correlated with positive parenting behaviors. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the predictability of depressed mood, parenting guilt, and parenting stress with parenting behaviors were 2.3%～36.6% in North Korean Women Refugees, and 2.0%～19.0% in South Korean Women. These predictive variables more affect on positive parenting behaviors than negative behaviors in North Korean Women Refugees, and on negative parenting behaviors than positive parenting behaviors in South Korean Women. Based on these result, psychological intervention for North Korean Refugees Women were discussed, and suggestion for future studies were described.
This research is to study factors of affecting sexual assertiveness of female students of universities in order to prevent university students from sexual problems. The factors include empirical factors such as sexual damage, abuse, and sexual experience and psychological factors such as a common idea of sexual violence and tolerance towards violence on dating. In addition, regression analysis among subordinate factors was carried out to study how a common idea of sexual violence and tolerance towards violence on dating affect sexual assertiveness of female students of universities when empirical factors is under same control. For these studies, 240 data obtained by surveying female students of universities located in a middle region of South Korea were analyzed. Correlation analysis and regression analysis were carried out through the collected data. SPSS 15.0 Program was used for these analyses. There are five abridged consequences of this research. First of all, there is a significantly negative correlation between sexual assertiveness of female students of universities and both a common idea of sexual violence and sexual experience, but a positive correlation between sexual assertiveness of female students of universities and tolerance towards violence on dating. Secondly, personality and physical damage in the past don't significantly affect sexual assertiveness of female students of universities, but sexual experiences do. Thus, The more sexual experiences are, the lower the level of sexual assertiveness is. Thirdly, a common idea of sexual violence of female students of universities significantly affects sexual assertiveness of them. Fourthly, when sexual experiences, which is the one of the empirical factors, of female students of universities is under same control, a common idea of sexual experience still affects sexual assertiveness of them. Finally, ‘misunderstanding of the opposite sex's behavior’ and ‘a false report of lechery and rape’ affect disallowance of sexual relations. That is, this common idea of sexual violence such as the misunderstanding and the false report makes it difficult to disallow sexual intercourse. Through these consequences, proposals for further discussion and study are included in this research.
Economic pressure narrows social cognition that facilitates coping with marital conflict as well as couple intimacy. Thus this study examined the marital processes linking economic pressure to the cognitive-behavioral mechanism, i.e., taking multiple perspectives(MP) and conflict response behaviors(CRB) that, in turn, affect couple intimacy among 183 low-income couples residing in Seoul. Given the gender differences in biobehavioral responses to stress as marked by a pattern of “tend-and-befriend” among women and of “fight-or-flight” among men this study also investigated how such causal paths differ across gender. As expected, results of structural equation modeling analyses supported a full mediation model for the husband. In this group, economic pressure was linked to less of MP that, in turn, caused both the decrease of constructive CRB and the increase of negative CRB, thus resulting in the reduction of couple intimacy. For the wife, data supported a partial mediation model in which the direct effect of economic pressure on couple intimacy was significant. In the wife group economic pressure did not contract MP, as suggested by the stress response theory, and directly reduced constructive CRB that, in turn, affected couple intimacy. Although within both groups, MP, as expected, promoted constructive CRB and decreased negative CRB, suggesting its potential as a psychological resource, its positive effect was cancelled out in the husband group due to the impact of economic pressure. However, in the wife group, MP significantly contributed to couple intimacy through constructive CRB. Results of the multigroup analyses suggested a significant gender difference in only one path leading from negative CRB to couple intimacy. While negative CRB decreased couple intimacy significantly among the husband, it did not show such an effect among the wife. Finally, based on these results, implications for theory development and directions for future studies were discussed.
