What is the possible effects of employment on married women's psychological area? The present study tried to answer this question in surveying 432 employed and nonemployed married women. On the basis of the basic hypothesis that psychological effects of employment may differ according to the women's gender-role attitudes, thee aspects of gender-role attitudes(general gender-role attitudes, value on son, pressure for son-reproduction) were examined as the preceeding variables of women's psychological well-being and depression. Results showed that general gender-role attitude did not significantly affect both employed and nonemployed women's psychological well-being and depression. Meanwhile, interestingly enough, attitudes related to son-preference had nonidentical effects on both groups of women. Specifically, compared to employed group, nonemployed women with higher levels of son-value and of son-reproduction pressure experienced lower level of psychological well-being or higher level of depression than did their counterparts.
This study investigated MMPI-2 profiles and relative effect of childhood abuse and traumatic events during prostitution, in relation to complex PTSD(CPTSD) of 42 female sex workers. Compared to the controls, the target group significantly higher than the controls in all of the CPTSD symptoms and 52.4% were assumed as the CPTSD high-risk group. Analysis of the content scales revealed that alterations in self-perception and interpersonal relationship were especially significant. The MMPI-2 profiles of the target group showed F-related scale and Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Pt, Sc, Si scales, with Pd and psychotic scales elevated above 60T. This was different from the profiles of PTSD and depressive disorder, while more similar to the profiles of childhood abused or sexually abused group. The sex workers also had experienced significantly more childhood abuse than the controls. The effect of the childhood separation and adulthood interpersonal severance/conflict in target group were relatively higher than other childhood abuses or traumatic events during prostitution and the effect of childhood competence were significant in both groups.
The objective of this study was to explore the variables impacting school life adjustment and happiness of the children attending a elementary school in international marriage family of rural. As a result of regression analysis, peer accept(β=.30), and age of student(β=-.26) affected school life adjustment of the children significantly. Support degree of family(β=.38), and rear attitude on cognitive ability of mother(β=-.31) affected happiness of the theirs significantly. But the variables such as mother's skilful degree of Korean language, and satisfaction degree on appearance of the children were not significant. The study results suggest that in adjustment of the children social-psychological relation variables could affect importantly above all things.
This study investigated the mental health status of women inmates in correctional facilities and factors that affect it, and the needs for mental health services. In order to achieve the study purpose, the authors analyzed scores of a mental diagnosis examination (SCL-90-R: Symptom Check List-90-Revision) of 270 women inmates who were currently imprisoned. Sociodemographic variables such as age, marriage status, religion, child care status, drug-related variable, experience of abuse, and social support were examined. The mental health status and the needs for mental health services and relevancy were also investigated. The results indicated that there was no difference in mental diagnosis examination scores and consequent mental health risk ratio between women inmates and lay women. However, the results also showed significant differences in mental health statues of inmates based on the variables such as the status of child care, being the main care provider under the age of 18, factors related to drug use, previously committed crime, frequency of letter exchange, previous experience of abuse, and social support. Furthermore, the reported desire for mental health services of women inmates varied depending on age, effects of religion, child care status, family contact, and factors related to letter communication. The desire for mental health services of women inmates also differed by the level of subordinate symptoms on SCL-90-R and the degrees of severity. The fact that child care status and social support affect the mental health of women inmates indicates the necessity of mental health services and policy, which can support the relationship of women inmates and their family members, as well as needed social support system. The reported desire for counseling service of mentally weakened group strongly suggests the necessity of correctional counseling services in forensic settings. Further implications of the findings are discussed.
In this study, investigating the differences among subgroups by personal variables(Study1) of 1283 participants, such as dating status, the number of romantic relationship experiences, conservative-liberalistic tendency, economic status, appearance, satisfaction of appearance, importance of sex, possession of initiative in relationships, and importance of premarital virginity, we try to find out whether “the richer the men, and the prettier the women, the more romantic relationships they get.” We also try to find out which romantic relationship attitude is more important in romantic experiences, and whether there exist greater similarities in love attitudes between genders than the differences(Study2). Findings show that richer men have just little more experiences, but prettier women have not more experiences than those who are not. Appearance was a more important factor in men's romantic relationships than in women's. Among love(romantic) attitudes, the openness, which means active, open-minded to sexuality, outgoing, liberal attitude, was the most critical one in love relationships. And the gender differences in love attitudes were not significant, which supported the our hypothesis 3. The results of the current study seem to support the explanations of Social Construction Theories. But the these results do not contradict to the evolutionary psychology, which emphasizes that inclination and ways to share property is as important as having property in relationship with partners.
The purpose of this study is to understand the life situation of the female North Korean refugees in China and to prepare the further interventions for them by investigating the stress copying styles of them. The participants of this study is 100 female North Korean refugees in China and data was collected in three districts of the northeast in China. The results of this study were as follows. The female North Korean refugees in China got the high scores than other female South Korean groups in all 4 copying styles. The results of analysis of differences in copying styles according to their demographical characters show that age, education, final resettlement place, economic level, time of escape from North Korea, experiences of arrest, extradition to North Korea, or human traffics variables are related with the differences in problem solving style. Education, final resettlement place, or intention about family members' escape variables are related with the differences in social support seeking style. The differences in emotion-reducing style are related with age, final resettlement place, or opinion about the Chinese-Korean. And the women who had experiences of arrest, extradition to North Korea, or human traffics showed the differences in wish style as well as in problem solving style. Finally the restrictions and suggestions for further studies are presented.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how Korean women implement their own sex-role stereotypes in the contexts of Korean politics. On the basis of nation-wide surveys of the 14th, the 15th and the 16th Korean presidential elections, female voters' political interests, voting participation, policy evaluation, factors of decision making, partisanship and ideological orientation, and candidate choice were analyzed. Results indicated that overall Korean women's voting behavior was correspondent to political attitudes they were presumed to have. That is, female than male voters were more conservative in that they had lower political interests and stronger inclinations to stability. In decision-making of voting candidates, further, Korean women were more influenced by their family than Korean men and tended to have preference to candidates from the government party. However, with control over educational level and social roles, gender differences in political attitudes were not identified, a suggestion that Korean women's political attitudes result from strengthened sex-role stereotypes. Nonetheless, women's “amiable and positive” attitudes had unique explanation of their voting behavior, which implies that this factor is critical in their political behavior.
본 연구는 자녀가 독립한 이후 부부관계에서 일어나는 변화와 적응과정을 이해하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 결혼 생활을 20년 이상 유지하며 1명 이상의 자녀를 함께 양육하였고, 막내 자녀까지 모두 독립시킨 뒤, 부부만 남게 된 남녀 15명을 연구 참여자로 선정하여 심층면담을 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 연구의 전 과정은 Strauss와 Corbin(2003)이 제시한 근거이론접근방법을 기반으로 이루어졌고, 136개의 개념으로부터 57개의 하위 범주와 23개의 범주가 도출되었다. 자료 분석에 따른 주요 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자녀를 독립이후 부부들이 경험한 중심현상은 ‘어떻게든 함께하기 위해 조율하기’로 나타났다. 둘째, 자녀독립 이후 부부들의 적응과정 핵심 범주는 ‘어떻게든 함께하기 위해 조율하기’ 를 위한 ‘부부만의 방식으로 관계를 재정립해 나감’이며, 적응과정은 ‘에너지 소진단계’, ‘에너지 재점화 단계’, ‘에너지 교환단계’, ‘조정․ 유지 단계’ 가 서로 영향을 주고받으며 순환적으로 이루어졌다. 셋째, 자녀 독립 이후 부부관계의 변화와 적응과정에서 부부의 협력적 태도, 서로를 향한 측은지심, 좋은 부모이고 싶은 소망, 사회지지체계, 개인 내적 변인은 부부가 변화에 적응하는 원동력이 된 반면, 누적된 갈등을 풀어내지 못함, 비협력적 태도, 적정선에서 타협하기, 느슨한 연결 고려하기, 끊임없이 협박이나 비난하기는 관계의 변화를 위한 시도와 포기하기를 반복하며 적응을 저해하는 요인으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구는 자녀독립 이후 부부관계 변화와 적응과정을 이해하고 가족생활주기 변화에 따른 상황과 맥락 안에서 요인 간 상호작용을 포괄적으로 탐색함으로, 자녀독립이후 부부가 경험하게 되는 적응과정에 대한 실체적인 이론을 도출하고, 나아가 가족생활주기 변화에 따른 부부의 적응과정을 이해하는 임상적 자료를 제공했다는 데 그 의의가 있다.
Recently in korea, dating violence has become rate of incidence is rising and the a big problem in the society. The purpose of conducting this study is to investigate what the female victims of dating violence experience from the onset of the assault to the termination of the relationship. The subjects of this study were seven female college students aged 19 and over who had been victimized by dating violence within the last three years, and the individual in-depth interviews were conducted on them. The main research questions were, “What are the experience processes of the female victims of dating violence?” and “What are the main driving factors in the experience process?”As a result of analyzing the in-depth interview data by grounded theory approach, 95 concepts and 43 subcategories were derived from open-coding, and 17 categories were derived as a final result. The central phenomenon experienced by women suffering from dating violence appeared to be 'trapped in a snare of violence'. They were found to go through the process of breaking up with the perpetrator, trial, tightrope, recovery, and the growth phase. In addition, negative perceptions of parental relationships, confinement due to psychological and economic dependence, and perceived relationships with perpetrators as beloved experiences were risk factors in experiencing violence. Internalizing the cause of violence, self - harm and attempting suicide seemed to be obstacles to disconnection from the perpetrator, but the confrontation with the reality and the help of the external support system helped. This study suggests the implications for victims' intervention by looking at the process of dating violence experience.
This study aimed to identify conceptual structure on multiple-role strategies of working mothers through a concept mapping method. Primary sentences for the idea about multiple-role strategies extracted by 35 working mothers with child(ren) under age 18. Key sentences were extracted based on their responses, then 10 participants among 35 sorted them and rated importance of each key sentences. As a result of multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis, two dimensions, time/action based - strain based and personal-social axis were found. Also, six types of multiple-role coping strategies were grouped: 1) networking as a mother, 2) structural role redefinition, 3)cognitive restructuring, 4) seeking social support, 5) parenting and educating, and 6) family-role focused coping. We discussed research implications and limitations based on the results.
