ISSN : 1229-0688
Recent trends in empirical research on counseling tend to place stress on process research on close analysis of interaction between counselor and client. In the same vein, special significance is given to process goals, namely, client's attraction to counselor, client's self-exploration and understanding, and feeling expression. This study has attempted to see how the interaction between counselor's variables-type self-involving/descriptive and valence positive/negative of counselor's statement-and client variable-level of need affiliation-affects client's responses. To understand the effect of independent variables on dependent variables, two research methods were adopted : experimental method as applied to undergraduate subjects using analogue counseling script, and single case experimental method as applied to clients. The results of this experimental study indicated that subjects whose need affiliation is high showed more attraction in the self-involving group than in the descriptive group in the case of positive valence but showed more attraction in the descriptive group than in the self-involving group in the case of negative valence. In the meantime, subjects whose need affiliation is low, showed no significant difference of attraction irrespective of the type of the statement in the case of negative valence, but showed more attraction in the descriptive group than in the self-involing group in the case of positive valence.
The purpose of this study was to explore the validity of a newly integrated model to explain how stress influences depression. The model was established theoretically by comparing and integrating two approaches : The cognitive approach to depression and the cognitive phenomenological approach to stress. The suggested model is assumed to deal with cognitive set (self - perception and perceived social support), perceived stress (type and importance) and coping behavior (active and passive coping) as mediating variables and depression as the outcome variable. The appropriateness of the model was examined through two studies. For Study I, the most stressful event or situation which freshmen might experience was surveyed twice with two - week intervals right after entrance. The subjects twice with two —week intervals right after entrance. The subjects were 803 freshmen from six universities selected in Seoul and other cities in consideration of the socio-cultural environment. The collected data of respondents analyzed by the path analysis method, and the variables (perceived stress, cognitive set, and coping behavior) explained 42 percent of the total variance of depression. The cognitive set (self - perception and perceived social support) was directly and significantly related to depression. It explaind more variance of depression than perceived stressfulness and coping strategies. Perceived stressfulness was directly related to depression and coping behavior. Types of the most steressful experience were not significantly related to depression, however, they had a significant relationship to coping behaviors. Finally, active coping behavior was negatively related to depression while passive coping was positively* related to depression. Study II was performed for the purpose of retestifying appropriateness of the model under another stressful situation … mid-term examination, and specifying the results of Study I in detail. From the sample of Study I, 371 students were selected according to the level of the cognitive set. The students were interviewed individually one week prior to the mid-term examinations. The results were reconfirmed mostly as those of Study I. Additionally, interaction between types of stressful experiences and coping behaviors influenced the level of depression and its changed amount. Also, the group of positive cognitive set used both active and passive coping more than the group of negative cognitive set did. The significance of this study is that the study proposed and newly integrated model based on two representative approaches to depression and testified how perceived stressful experiences resulted in depression within the frame of this model. On the basis of the results, it is implied that personal cognitive characteristics, situational factors and coping behaviors have to be considered together for research concerned with depression. The research should be planned to prevent the possibility that the previous depression level might be confused with the mediating process. The study imposes practical meaning that effective and efficient strategies could be developed to change a client's cognitive structure and coping behaviors in a professional setting in therapy and counseling for depression.
The present study is to examine the counseling process in relation to counseling session outcome. The first purpose of the present study was to examine several possible session process variables that could be correlated with session outcome: (a) counselor intentions, (b) client perceptions of counselor intentions, and (c) similarities and differences between what the counselor intended and what the client perceived as the counselor intention. The second purpose was to examine the correlations between participants' preception of counselor intentions and session outcome. The purposes were achieved in two ways: one, without discriminating session, and two, across session divided into initial, progressed and near termination. For the purposes the Session Evaluation Ouestionnaire for Koreans and the List of Counselor Intentions for Koreans were developed and modified by the author and tested for their reliablility and validity. The data were collected from actual counseling cases. The subjects of the study were twenty six college and. graduate students as clients with an equal ratio between male and female. Five female counselors working at university in student guidance center as counselors. The results of this study are summarized as follows : First, the most frequently perceived counselor intentions for both clients and counselors were- "get information", "support", "clarify", "feeling" and "insight," Second, "get information", "hope"and "self-control" were perceived more by the clients, while "clarify", "insight" and "resistance" were more frequently mentioned by the counselors. Third. intention varied systematically across counseling sessions: (a) during the initial session, the most frequently perceived intentions by the clients were "get information" and "clarify" ; (b) in progressed sessions, "feeling", "insight" and "challenge" ; (c) in near termination, "feeling" and ·challenge": and (d) ·support" was perceived frequently by the clients all across the sessions. Fourth, most frequently reported intentions by the counselors were; (a) in initial sessions, ·get information" and "feeling" ; (b) in progressed sessions, "insight" and "change" ; (c) in near termination. "insight· and "feeling" ; and (d) "support" and "clarify" were mentioned frequently all across the session by the counselors. Fifth, session outcome is correlated with client perception of "support" and "self-control" in all session evaluation factors while session outcome is correlated with counselor perception of "cathart, " "feeling" and "challenge." sixth, intentions related with session outcome varied across sessions: session outcome was correlated with client perception of "support" and "self-control" in progressed session; while "cathart" and "resistance" was identified in near termination. On the other hand. session outcome was correlated with counselor report of "support" and "insight" in progressed sessions; and "feeling" in initial sessions; while "cathart" and "insight" in progressed sessions; and "feeling" in near termination. The most significant finding of this study was session outcome. However, it should be noted that further research is needed to investigate how the variables effect session outcome. It is feit by the author that this study is expected to contribute to counselor education and training and to improve counseling effectiveness.
The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the relation between oounselor-client verbal interacion and effectiveness of counseling in initial phase. An attempt is also made to analyge the sequential patterns of verbal behaviors that occur between counselor and client in initial sessions. The clients were-ten college and graduated students. The counselors were working at the Student Guidance Cegter, Seoul National University. The counselors were asked to audiotape the 1st, 2nd and 3rd session with their assigned clients. Immediately following each session the client evaluated the session impact by completing the SEQ (Session Evaluation Questionaire). The SEQ consists of ten 7 bipolar items intended to measure two independent evaluative dimensions of participant's perceptions of their sessions, called "depth" and "Smoothness". The modes of verbal interaction were analyzed on the basis of the recorded verbatims of 24cases. All the verbal responses were coded by trained raters using Hill's Counselor (client) Verbal Response Category System and Flander's Interaction Analysis Categories. The results of the study was as follows; The counselor's responses of supporting, accepting, and eliciting client's experiences were evaluated as "smooth". The counselor's responses of eliciting and exploring client's experiences were evaluated as "deep". In addition, client's silences were related with the evaluation of both "smooth" and "deep". The effects of counselor's verbal responses are varied in the context of counselor-client verbal interaction. This study implies that study on counselor's verbal behavior must be studied in the context of interaction and not in the separate single response.
The purpose of the present research was to make a criteria to classify maladjusted behavior and to make a scale which is proper in discriminating maiadjusted behavior. For this purpose, researcher tried to make the group psychological test which can be used under the present situation of colleges. In this research, obtained the following results. 1. This test consists of 7 scales such as psychosis scales for male and female, neurosis scales for male and females, personality disorder scale, faking bad (malingering) scale, and faking good scale. 2. Psychosis scale for male has 28 items. when we classify the person who obtained above 8 points in this scale into psychosis group, the 69.5% of psychosis group can be discriminated, but the 2.9% of normal persons may be classified into psychosis group. 3. And same way, we classify the person who obtained a certain points in other scale into a certain abnormal group or normal group. Scales and discriminating points were revealed as follows. scale Number of items Point of discrimination Pescentage of sorting Percentage of misjudgement Psychosis male 28 8 69.5 2.9 female 30 11 67.8 3.7 Neurosis male 31 14 96.2 2.9 female 29 16 67.3 2.2 Personality disorder 30 15 75.9 4.4 Faking bad (malingering； 26 9 69.7 2.9 Faking good 22 15 65.3 1.5 4. The test-retest correlation of each scale were .75~.89 respectively, making the high reliability and the correlation between scales were low. But this test has the following limitation ① The predictive validity of this test is insufficient. ② Faking bad group and faking good group were normal boy students with the exception of girl students and operated by examiner with the instruction. ③ Used the juvenile delinquent boys in the reformatory as personality disorder group, they were in the service again and not able to include female group. The above problems should be examined in the further research and follow up research using the other students and maiadjusted groups inorder to elevate the validity this test.
