ISSN : 1229-0688
The aim of this study was to explore the grieving process of Sewol Ferry disaster victims' families using Strauss and Cobin's grounded theory. For this purpose, we analyzed 17 in-depth interviews of bereaved families which had been conducted at two years after the sewol ferry disaster. In open coding, 150 concepts, 53 subcategories, and 23 categories emerged from the data. In axial coding, the causal conditions had 2 categories (eg., sudden disaster, unbelievable death of a child). The contextual conditions had 10 categories (eg., reaction of local residents, lack of support from mass media). The central phenomenon had 1 category (eg., life overwhelmed by unbearable sadness and anger). The intervening conditions had 3 categories (eg., social grieving). Strategies had 3 categories (eg., remembering the shadow of their child). Consequences had 4 categories (eg., enduring with memories of their child). In process analysis, the grieving stages of Sewol Ferry disaster victims' families were 5 stages (shock/denial, sadness/anger, depression/helplessness/frustration, isolation/communality, maintaining complicated grief/a sense of calling). A multi-layered structure of the grieving processes of bereaved parents and plans for support are presented.
This study is to model an entity theory, defining the experimental structure as well as the process of the supervisee in live psychodrama supervision. A total of 15 supervisees were selected to carry out in-depth interviews two or three times to collect research data, which consequently was analyzed in accordance with the Grounded Theory by Strauss and Corbin(1998). Overall, 103 concepts, 43 sub-categories, and 19 categories were derived from the study. The experimental paradigm was also in accordance with the central phenomenon, ‘helplessness due to open criticism and frustration’. The selected participants' experiences were categorized as a 5-stage-developmental procedure: ‘reliance’, ‘resistance’, ‘challenge’, ‘change’, and ‘growth’, where ‘setting up one’s vision of a psychodrama therapist and learning to communicate for improvement‘ was defined as the core category. The findings consequently led to effective learning, improved operational logistics of psychodrama supervision, and extending discussions on substantial experiences during live supervision.
The purpose of this study was to develop a self-supervision model based on the counseling process and to specify the components of self-supervision which were important given the experience level of the school counselor. Based on a literature review, an in-depth interview was arranged with counselor experts and Focus Group Interview with school counselor. The final model was derived from three evaluation steps. The purpose of self-supervision was defined in 4 ways. The main components were core task and self-reflection. Core tasks were presented as a list to be checked by the school counselor according to developmental level(early, middle, and final). Beginner counselors are trained in counseling language skill. In the growing and the skilled period, core tasks were adjusted to emphasize counseling direction and case conceptualization. The self-reflection component was presented as a questionnaire. Self-reflection was important at all levels regardless of experience level.
This study aimed to understand relational-life of university students with experiences of bullying. The study examined how participants experienced and organized meanings of experiences of bullying and relational-life through the narrative inquiry proposed by Clandinin and Connelly(2000). Whereas before being bullied the participants felt insecure due to lack of relationship, while being bullied they were isolated without any self-care and social support. Thereafter they became more goal-oriented to escape from repeated experiences of bullying. However, during relationship-conflicts at university, they felt frustrated because of recalled experiences of bullying. Despite trying to find ways out of distress in reserved relationship, they realized their desires of relational-life through rumination. Five topics are drawn by participants with researchers: ‘being left alone’, ‘trapped in a swamp tighten further when moved’, ‘not over until it is’, ‘overdue growing pain’, and ‘nevertheless, I again’. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.
The purpose of the present study was to examine natural groupings of people in terms of dimension of adult attachment, self-determined solitude, and loneliness. This provides implications for understanding the adaptation of modern university students, whose time alone is increasing due to the spread of individuality. A survey was conducted using university students, and cluster analysis and multivariate analysis were conducted for data analysis. Results from the cluster analysis indicated the presence of four distinct clusters. The “avoidance-solitude group” was characterized by being high avoidant attachment and self-determined solitude. The “anxious-loneliness group” was characterized by high anxious attachment and loneliness wiht low self-determined solitude. The “non-solitude group” was characterized by average avoidant attachment, anxious attachment and loneliness, wiht low self-determined solitude. The “secure-solitude group” was characterized by being low avoidant attachment, anxious attachment and loneliness, while high self-determined solitude. Implications for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this research was to explore the experience of women graduate assistants. In-depth interview data were collected from 12 female graduate assistants from 3 colleges. The interviews were analyzed using a content analysis, and the results were classified by 4 domains(‘negative features of work environment for women graduate assistants in college’, ‘job stress associated with the nature of students and women’, ‘impact of assistants’ work experience on their lives’, ‘attempted coping skills against job stress’)and 23 categories with 123 meaning contents emerged under these domains. The 23 categories included ‘school employees yet academically dependent with professors’, ‘easily exposed to insults but have to endure’, ‘increased negative interpersonal beliefs and interpersonal anxiety’, ‘emotional suppression’ and so on. Implications of this research are presented.
IIn this study, we examined mediating effects of post-traumatic negative cognitions, intrusive rumination and deliberate rumination on the relationship between perceived social support and prolonged grief symptoms. A total of 668 adults who experienced loss were grouped according to the expectedness of the death. Results indicated that post-traumatic negative cognitions mediated the relationship between perceived social support and prolonged grief. Post-traumatic negative cognitions and intrusive rumination showed significant dual mediating effects on the relationship between perceived social support and prolonged grief. For groups that experienced unexpected death, the effect of perceived social support on intentional rumination, as well as the effects of intrusive rumination and intentional rumination on prolonged grief were all significant. There were also group differences in dual mediating effects of post-traumatic negative cognitions and intrusive rumination, also in triple mediating effects of post-traumatic negative cognitions, intrusive rumination and intentional rumination. Implications of the study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural relations among traumatic stress, negative emotion, intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, and self-regulation in the dual system model. A total of 566 adults ages 20 to 70 participated in the survey. SEM analysis was applied to test the structural relationship with the model using AMOS 21.0. Statistical significance of mediation effects was examined with a Bootstrap method. SEM results supported the hypothesized structural model. The model shows that traumatic stress is directly related to negative emotion and intrusive rumination, and inversely related to self-regulation. Intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination and self-regulation mediate the relationship between traumatic stress and negative emotion. This study suggests that traumatic stress and elicited negative emotion are associated with cognitive processes, which explains the mechanism of intrusive rumination and negative emotion after traumatic stress. Lastly, it indicates the importance of timely intervention in self-regulation for relieving negative emotion.
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of self-compassion in the relations of covert-narcissism, self-consciousness and social-anxiety. A total of 349 adults ages 20-39 completed the Covert-Narcissism Scale, Self-Consciousness Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. The main results are summarized as follows: First, self-consciousness mediated the relationship between covert-narcissism and social-anxiety. Second, self-compassion had a statistically significant moderated mediation effect on the path from covert-narcissism and self-consciousness to social-anxiety. The implications, limitations and future direction for research based on the above findings are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-concept clarity and self-silencing on the relationship between self-criticism and depression. We predicted self-silencing would function as a mediator in this relationship, and that self-concept clarity would moderate this mediation effect. To investigate this aim, 481 university students were surveyed. All variables showed statistically significant correlations, and after verifying the moderating effect of self-concept clarity on depression, there was no statistically significant difference in the moderating effect of self-concept clarity in the relationship with self-criticism and depression. Conversely, this study showed that there was a significant difference in the moderating effect of self-concept clarity in the relationship with self-silencing and depression. In addition, self-criticism affected depression through self-silencing, and self-concept clarity moderated the mediating effect of self-silencing. Implications and potential follow-up studies are discussed.
Work valence refers to the degree of attractiveness and aversiveness of working. Work valence is a concept derived from a motivational perspective, which provides a useful framework to understand career-related behaviors. The current study was designed to validate a work valence scale developed by Porfeli and his colleagues (2012) with a sample of Korean adolescents and young adults. We used a sample of 332 college students and 324 high school students to fit two models of work valences. Results revealed that both a two-factor hierarchical model and a one-factor hierarchical model fit well. Moreover, when we tested for invariance between two different age groups, we found that both groups had the same factor structure and factor loadings. Implications for future research are discussed.
There have been numerous attempts to legalize the field of counseling. In alignment with such efforts, the present study examines a counselor’s duty to disclose information based on the discussions under the current Civil Code in Korea. Counseling is a type of service that involves counselors’ professional knowledge and skills as well as their personal characteristics. Therefore, the quantity of information between counselors and clients regarding the counseling service markedly differ. For both parties to sign a fair counseling contract, counselors should provide essential counseling-related information to clients prior to the establishment of a counseling contract. To determine the essential information to be included in the disclosure statement, the contents of the legislations of each state in the US were examined and categorized. Based on this categorization, implications for Korean counselors’ disclosure statement are proposed.
This study intended to explore the factors affecting depression in motherhood based on self-differentiation and to seek effective intervention strategies for emotional well-being and social adjustment. An online survey was conducted and data from 277 mothers with infants and children were analyzed. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that self-differentiation had a significant effect on motherhood depression, and that effect was sustained even after controlling for parenting efficacy, family support, community consciousness, and parenting stress. This implies that motherhood should be understood in terms of a continuous process toward self-differentiation and life development, rather than a completed adulthood. Results also indicated that family practitioners should focus on interventions in parenting stress and family support for young mothers, while working on self-differentiation and parenting efficacy. Furthermore, it is inferred that networking and connections with their community can help reduce depression in motherhood.
