ISSN : 1229-0688
This is to introduce the onmaeum approach to counseling. According to the approach an individual's experiences have the nature of imagination which reflects his life history, concepts, knowledge and expectations, not his reality itself. The onmaeum counseling is based on the counseling relationship of belief, acceptance, empathy and honesty. A client exposes his heart-mind freely. In the process he realizes that he has created his problems by his attachments to his past experiences, concepts, knowledge, and expectations and by his illusory identifications of himself, others and events with some inappropriate entities. This realization brings him freedom from his problems. An onmaeum counselor helps his clients be free from their self-centered viewpoints. Firstly, he encourages them to attend to, and accept, the essential dynamics of their self and environmental conditions in the hear-and-now. Secondly, he also encourages them to be free from their attachments and identifications by observing, verifying, and imagining them in the light of various viewpoints.
The familism which has been influenced by Confucianism is the most representative among national traits of Korea. Nowadays Korean society has a lot of conflicts between the traditional familism and the Western individualism. Although our society seems to be externally westernized, it still has inveterate values of the familism. The familism is keynote of Korean cultures and has a powerful merit like co-operative spirit even though it has a lot of evils. And also it could really make for formation of new culture of our familism, if it is harmonized with individualism. A view of integration for familism and individualism which embraces ‘me’ and ‘we(Uri)’ is proposed in this study to overcome the various conflicts of family relationships in Korea. Such a point of view regards an individual as a part of a family, not as a separate being from family. This study introduces Reality Dynamic Counseling as an approach for Koreans and illustrates how does counseling with such a point of view in real counseling cases.
Despite the long history of school counseling in Korea, it was a recent endeavor to introduce a specialized model within the profession that focuses exclusively on school counseling. The newly introduced school counseling system was built on the momentum for maximizing the professional identity of the school counseling field in addition to recognizing school counselors' positions within school settings. Nevertheless, the absence of a well established school counseling model continues to cause confusion regarding school counselors’ roles and functions. Newly employed professional school counselors voiced the need for the development of a Korean school counseling model which could give answers to such questions as who should do what, when, and how. In this paper, we comprehensively discussed those concerns and issues that may need to be taken into consideration prior to the development of a Korean school counseling model. For that purpose, the authors compared the historical development and current trends embedded in Korean and American school counseling, and presented the factors that were discussed to have impacts on the development of both country's school counseling profession. Next, with the fact that there is no existing national Korean school counseling model, we introduced American School Counselor Association (ASCA) National Model and presented the issues that have been raised in both Korean and American school counseling fields. Lastly, we discussed the implications for the development of Korean national school counseling model and future directions of a Korean school counseling.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the Korean humanistic counseling model in Korea. Based on the in-depth interview of 12 experienced humanistic counselors who have licences issues by the Korean Counseling Psychology Association, semi-structures questions based on two research questions, “How do you apply humanistic counseling theory when you practice in Korea?”, and “What are the difficulties and coping strategies when you apply humanistic counseling theory in Korea?” were asked. Results suggest that in the applicability of Korean culture domain, themes such as empathic culture, emphasizing relationship, the importance of harmony were drawn. In the difficulty and coping domain, lack of counseling skills, the need of supervision and self-counseling, directiveness of Korean culture were retrieved. Based on the results, implications for the investigation of Korean humanistic counseling model will be discussed.
This study examined the definition and nature of counseling, the differences between counseling theory and practice, and development plans for counseling in Korea. Eight counselors were interviewed and the interview data were analyzed based on the Consensual Qualitative Research. The research Participant reported that counseling is professional activities facilitating personal growth through solving problems of which clients experienced difficulties and agony. And they reported that clients' changes in counseling resulted from experiencing to be understood and accepted by counselors, and through objectively figuring out the problems. Therefore counselor's mature humanity was very important for emotionally holding clients. There was no difference between counseling theories and practices and thoroughly understanding theories and wide experiences in counseling practices were necessary. The main character of problems clients appealing in Korea was difficulties of adaptation in relational culture restricting a person. Expected counselors' role and professional elements, efforts necessary for counseling development in Korea, were included. The implications of the current study were discussed.
Client and counselor adult attachment styles have been recognized as important individual difference variables in counseling relationship. This article provides a review of the research on how client attachment styles are related to some aspects of counseling relationships, such as client and counselor behavior, countertransference, and development of working alliance. The article also examines research about the relationship between the counselor's adult attachment styles and the counseling relationship, and research about differences in the counseling relationship that may results from combinations of client and counselor attachment styles. With the exception of some controversial research, most of the empirical research supports expectations from attachment theory. Finally, the brief summary and discussion are presented.
The purposes of this study are to develop and practice self growth group counseling program(which can be used in adolescent) through increasing of the adolescents' self-concept, self actualization and career maturity and to examine it's effect in order to produce the helpful data in using the program more effectively. Through this study, I try to convince person of the importance of counseling for adolescents and demonstrate the usefulness of self growth group counseling in the actual spot. The testee of this study is 104 college students in Seoul who participated in the orientation of university and tested at the university counseling center. They are divided into eight groups. They consists of 4 experimental groups and 4 control groups. It takes a random sample 13 students each group. The period of the performance is 12 weeks(two hours a week). It makes a comparison between the experimental and the control for verifying the effect of program. The research instruments used in this study are: Jung Won-sick's Korean version of “Self concept scale” produced by William H. Fitts, Kim Jae-eun & Lee Kwang-ja's Korean version of “Personal Orientation inventory” produced by Shostrom and Jang Suk-min's “Career Development inventory” by Super. The major findings of this study are as follows: First, there are statistically significant differences in self-concept, self- actualization and career maturity in the experimental group enforced by the program. Second, it shows more positive results in self-reported questionnaire post-test than pre-test in experimental group. Through this program it is said that it verifies facts to have a positive influences on adolescents' self-concept, self-actualization and career maturity.
The Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales, which had been developed to assess self-efficacy for performing helping skills, managing the counseling process, and handling challenging counseling situations, were validated using 118 counselors(106 females, 12 males) who were working at university counseling centers, local youth counseling centers, and private counseling facilities in Seoul and Kyungki areas. Exploratory factor analyses yielded 5 factors(3 helping skills, 1 session management, 1 counseling challenges), and each factor produced adequate internal consistency. Factor-derived scale scores were strongly related to scores on a measure of level of counselor development, moderately related to social desirability, negatively related to state anxiety, and able to differentiate among counselors with differing levels of counseling experience. Implications for future research and training applications are considered.
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Self Encouragement- Discouragement Inventory for college students. The inventory was based on Adlerian theory and consists of 60 items. The factor analysis indicated three factors: Cognition, Behavior, and Emotion. The alpha-coefficient, test-retest reliability, and item-total correlations for each factor were high. The construct validity of the inventory was supported by correlations between the Self Encouragement Inventory and a self efficacy inventory and between the Self Discouragement Inventory and a stress test. The construct validity of the inventory was supported significant differences between depressed and control students in encouragement and discouragement scores.These results indicate that the Self Encouragement-Discouragement Inventory is a reliable and valid instrument. We discuss the counseling applications of this inventory with Korean college students.
The purpose of this study was to develop a Post-Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale (PTSSS) for North Korean defectors in South Korea. First, the PTSSS was administered to 302 North Korean defectors to examine validity. Principal components analysis indicated there were four factors: Re-experiencing, Avoidance/Numbness, Hypertension, and Complex PTSD. Second, the PTSSS was administered to 302 North Korean defectors to examine reliability. There was high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α= .93) for the total scale. Finally, the PTSSS was administered to an additional 206 defectors to verify construct validity. The PTSSS was correlated as anticipated with the Mississippi-PTSD scales. Further, PTSSS total scores differed according to expectations for the psychiatric treatment, PTSD, and normal groups within this third sample. The PTSSS is an appropriate tool for measuring post-traumatic stress of North Korean defectors in South Korea. Implications for future research are discussed.
This study examined the effects of narcissism and self-esteem on anger thought, belief and expression. A total of 403 undergraduate students completed the Primary/Secondary Anger Thought Scale, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, Self-Esteem Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, and General Attitude and Belief Scale. There were three main findings. First, narcissism correlated positively with derogation of others/revenge, helpless thought, irrational belief, trait anger, and anger-out. Second, the high narcissism/low self-esteem group was higher than the low narcissism/high self-esteem group in derogation of others/revenge and helplessness thought, irrational belief, trait anger, anger-out, and anger-in. Third, the low narcissism/low self-esteem group was lower that the high narcissism/high self-esteem group in helplessness thought and anger-in.The research and counseling implications of these findings are discussed.
This study examined the effects of public self-consciousness, body surveillance, and body shame on negative eating behaviors. Participants were 215 women recruited from classes at the University. Path analysis indicated that: (a) the three paths among four were significant, (b) all three variables affected negative eating behaviors either directly or indirectly. (c) and body surveillance and body shame mediated relationship between public self-consciousness and negative eating behaviors. Public self-consciousness and body surveillance appear to have different effects on negative eating behaviors. In addition, body shame is the most direct and critical predictor in negative eating behaviors.
A two-step cluster analysis following the recommendations from Hair and Black (2000) revealed the presence of four clusters: Low Hope - High Empathy Group (EMPATHY), High Hope - High Empathy Group (HIGH), Low Hope - Low Empathy Group (LOW), and High Hope - Low Empathy Group (HOPE) with no significant gender differences within each cluster. Results from a MANOVA analysis revealed that HIGH outperformed other clusters across all the dependent measures but Emotional Well-being whereas LOW showed lower scores than others clusters. As far as Emotional Well-being is concerned, there were no statistically significant differences (a) between HOPE and HIGH, and (b) between EMPATHY and LOW, which may lend importance to hope in explaining adolescents' emotional well-being. A post-hoc multiple regression analysis revealed that only Agency Thinking, one factor of hope significantly predicted Emotional Well-being accounting for approximately 7% of its variance. In summary, the findings of this study suggest that (a) hope and empathy, positive psychology variables, are positively related to adolescents' peer relationships and psychological well-being, and Korean middle school students may benefit from developing hope, particularly agency thinking to promote their emotional well-being.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of emotional attention and labeling on psychological well-being. Based on previous studies, a partial mediation model was proposed in which (a) emotional experience mediates the relation of emotional attention to psychological well-being and (b) labeling effects well-being directly through emotional expression. This model was evaluated with structural equation modeling with a sample of 392 university students. The results revealed that emotional experience mediated the relation of emotional attention and psychological well-being and labeling predicted psychological well-being directly, with a moderating influence of emotional expression. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
The main purpose of this study was to determine sex differences in the ways that sexual harassment is handled by university students. This study included 611 male and 936 female students from seven schools located in Seoul and other provinces.data was collected through a questionnaire based on 12 cases of sexual harassment with differing characteristics. Sexual harassment coping styles included tendency to seek counseling, level of countermeasure and degree of punishment. Female students were more likely than male students to seek counseling in response to verbal sexual harassment male students were more likely than female students to seek counseling for physical sexual harassment. Regarding countermeasures, both male and female students showed a strong tendency to resolve matters individually through steps such as demanding an apology. However, female students were more likely to confront harassment officially and proactively.Finally, both male and female students tended to demand an apology or require attendance of a correction program for verbal sexual harassment, and attendance of a correction program, compensation, and punishment for physical sexual harassment. This study presents useful suggestions for both the theory and practice of sexual harassment counseling with female and male university students.
The purpose of this study was to identify major factors that affected suicidal ideation in the elderly. The subjects were 183 men and women over 65 years old who were living in Kyunggi-Do. The subjects completed socio-demographic factors questionnaire, Stress scale, Self-Esteem Scale, Depression Scale and Suicidal ideation Scale. To estimate the relative effects of each variables on suicidal ideation, a path analysis was employed. The major findings were as follows: 1) Economic status and Health status among socio-demographic factors affected suicidal ideation in the elderly. 2) The suicidal ideation in the elderly were positively related to stress and depression while negatively related to self-esteem, economic status and health status. 3) Depression and self esteem mediated the process of developing suicidal ideation in the elderly. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed, and the suggestions for future studies were also presented.
