ISSN : 1229-0688
The purport of this study was to examine how the emotional intelligence of counselors influences counseling relationships and counseling outcomes. One hypothesized model and two alternative models were specified to explain the direction from the counselor's emotional intelligence to counseling outcomes rated by counselors and clients in which the counselor's rapport formation skills and working alliance rated by both participants were assumed to be mediators. The second alternative model was selected for further considerations. The final model showed that the counselor's rapport formation skills and working alliance rated by both participants mediated the relation between the counselor's emotional intelligence and counseling outcomes rated by both participants. Additionally, the counselor's emotional intelligence exhibited a direct effect on counseling outcomes rated by counselors. Furthermore, the result of the multi-group analysis indicated that this final model could be applied to all counselors. Finally, implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
The study investigated the experiences that Korean mental health professional encountered after client's suicide by using a concept mapping approach. Eight mental health professionals were interviewed, and 57 core items of the emotional experiences and the protective factors were obtained. The results of multidimensional scaling and hierarchial cluster analysis yielded seven clusters of the emotional experiences on two dimensions and five clusters of protective factors on two dimensions. Dimensions of the emotional experiences were ‘client related-mental health professional related’ and, ‘primary-secondary response.’ Its protective factors were ‘problem/behavior oriented-cognition oriented’ and, ‘intrapersonal-interpersonal.’ Clusters of the experiences were shock, guilt, anxiety, grief, regret, sense of incompetence, and depressive symptom. Its protective factors were social support, acceptance of limitations, perspective change, behavioral coping, and helping the bereaved. The study empirically investigated the structure and the underlying dimensions of the emotional experiences which Korean mental health professionals after client's suicide and their protective factors.
This study was intended to understand characteristics of online psychotherapy and to present its possibilities and limitations. The objectives were achieved through literature reviews. A total of 132 academic articles was reviewed and analyzed. The differences between online and traditional (i.e., face to face) psychotherapy, definition, efficiency, effectiveness, and examples were presented. Currently, various kinds of online treatments are experimented by using web-site, videoconference, handheld devices, and virtual reality. Generally, online treatments showed significant positive effects on decreasing psychological symptoms. The benefits of online psychotherapy are accessibility, efficiency, and anonymity. Limitations are provided and discussed in terms of its therapeutic, technical, ethical, and inherent effects. Disorders such as serious anorexia, panic disorder or depression leading to suicidal risk could be inappropriate while anxiety, eating disorder, social phobia, and PTSD exhibited great treatment effects, compared to face-to-face therapy.
The self-compassion enhancement program was developed and its efficacy was examined. Fourteen early-adults participated in the self-enhancement program, and thirteen individuals participated in the self-esteem improvement program. Their scores on various variables were compared with those of the non-treatment control group. For the self-compassion enhancement program group, depression, borderline tendencies, and life satisfaction significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Additionally, these changes were maintained after one month. The self-esteem improvement program group showed increase of life satisfaction score at the end of the intervention. However, the therapeutic effects of the self-esteem improvement program disappeared after one month. These findings indicated that the self-compassion program exhibited relative benefits of long-term therapeutic effects compared to the self-esteem program. Lastly, contributions of this study to an integrative understanding of the process of self-compassion are discussed. Limitations and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine how the concept of self-organization in constructivism could be applied in classifying subtypes of Pathological Narcissism. Specifically, we tried to identify if significant subtypes could be identified through combining cognitive contents and structure. With 93 selected subjects (out of 128 subjects who passed Pathological Narcissism Inventory's cutoff score) through repertory grid interview, we conducted cluster analysis with two factors from each category, cognitive contents (grandiosity, vulnerability) and cognitive structures (differentiation, integration), to identify how subjects are subdivided. As a result, four significant subtypes were verified; Differentiated, Grandiose Integrated, Vulnerable, and Vulnerable Grandiose. To identify which psychological characteristics each subtype has, one-way ANOVA was employed with scores based on narcissism, early maladaptive schema, defense style, emotions and interpersonal relationships. The result showed that each subtype has exhibited different psychological characteristics. Finally, the implications and limitation of the study are discussed.
This study investigated the mediating effects of deliberate rumination and self-disclosure on the relation between intrusive rumination after grief avoidance and personal growth. Considering duration of grief experience(less than 15 years) and time period from the loss(more than 6 months), the sample of 199(female 80, male 119) out of 300 adults was used for final analyses. Participants were asked to respond to the scales measuring the degree of both ruminations, grief avoidance, self-disclosure, and personal growth right after reporting their loss history. The hypothesized model showed that grief avoidance influences intrusive rumination, and deliberate rumination and self-disclosure partially mediated the association between intrusive rumination and personal growth. The results indicated that the hypothesized model showed a better fit than the alternative model which included full mediation effects of rumination and self-disclosure. Implications and limitations of this study, and suggestions for the future research were discussed.
This study examined the influence of parent's forced sibling social comparison on emotional stability and investigated the mediating effects of maladaptive perfectionism and social comparison orientation on the association. The sample of 435 (229 men, 205 women) adolescents in Seoul and Busan metropolitan regions were used. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were employed to test hypotheses. Significant positive correlations among parent's forced sibling social comparison, maladaptive perfectionism, social comparison orientation and negative correlations among parent's forced sibling social comparison, emotional stability were found. The final model found showed that parent's forced sibling social comparison decreased emotional stability. Parent's forced sibling social comparison influences directly maladaptive perfectionism, which, in turn, affects indirectly through social comparison orientation and emotional stability. The results indicated that maladaptive perfectionism mediated the association between parent's forced sibling social comparison and emotional stability, social comparison orientation. Finding and implications of this study are discussed.
The present study aimed to identify realistic coping strategies for the bullied by exploring bullied victims’ experience, their recovery process, and factors affecting their recovery. We operationally defined bullying for the study and applied previous criteria for recovery from trauma in selecting participants. Interviews were conducted with 36 participants who reported having recovered from bullying. A grounded theory approach was applied in analyzing data, which resulted in 106 concepts, 32 subcategories, and 11 categories, as well as a paradigm model. Results indicated that the participants ‘hit rock bottom’ as they were experiencing bullying and that they went through four distinct phases (i.e., enduring alone, opening up, expanding, and reflecting) in recovering from traumatic bullying. Constant effort of the victims themselves, change in environment, and active support and intervention from others positively affected participants in overcoming the trauma of bullying. Implications for counseling practice and future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to understand the process of the adjustment which adult children of remarried couples experienced. In doing so, in-depth interview was conducted of 15 adult children aged from 20 to 30 years old who have lived in a stepfamily more than a year. Their responses was analyzed based on the grounded theory approach proposed by Strauss and Corbin(1998/2003). Results showed 27 categories and 77 sub-categories from 180 concepts. Consequently, The protective factors facilitating adult children’s adjustment in remarried couples’ family were ‘relationship experience with the non-cohabiting biological parent,’ ‘external support,’ ‘having a religion,’ and ‘individual inner variables as a mediator.’ Additionally, ‘blameful messages and broken relation with the non-cohabiting biological parent,’ ‘social prejudice,’ ‘frequent change of breeder,’ and ‘stepparents’ unilateral breeding attitude’ were found to hinder adult children from adjusting. Implications for counselling and future research are discussed.
The current study was conducted to test whether social support moderated the indirect effect of insecure adult attachment on Smartphone addiction through impulsiveness. The total of 431 undergraduates were asked to complete the questionnaire and the data from 361 students were analyzed because of missingness. The results were analyzed through moderated mediation model which Preacher, Rucker, and Hayes(2007) proposed. Results showed the four noteworthy findings. First, the result indicated that attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance contributed to Smartphone addiction through impulsiveness. Second, social support moderated the effect of attachment anxiety on impulsiveness. Third, social support moderated the mediating effect of attachment anxiety on Smartphone addiction through impulsiveness. In addition, implications for counseling practice and suggestion for future research are discussed.
