ISSN : 1229-0688
The purpose of this study was to determine common concepts in counselors’ approaches to advocacy. For this purpose, individual interviews were conducted with 10 counseling experts. A total of 563 advocacy-related idea statements were identified, which were combined and edited into 76 statements. A concept map consisting of two dimensions and five clusters emerged. First, research participants were divided along the dimensions of emotional approach-behavioral approach, and client change-environmental change. Next, the results were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis, and the contents were classified into five clusters: Psychological Advocacy; Social Structural Approach to Clients; Client Relationship Network and Social Resource Connection; Client Protection and System Constructing; and Social Contribution as a Counseling Expert. Finally, the significance ratings of each statement indicated that cluster 1, psychological advocacy, had the highest rating.
This study was conducted to explore the non-sexual dual relationship experiences of corporate counselors. In-depth interviews conducted with 10 counselors were analyzed using the consensual qualitative research method. The analysis resulted in a total of 5 areas, 3 categories, and 27 sub-categories. The 5 areas were: Types of Dual Relationships; Reasons for Dual Relationships; Perceived Difficulties; Experience with Dual relationships; Growth and change; Recommendations for Coping with Dual Relationships. Participants experienced dual relationships more frequently in corporate counseling settings than in general counseling settings. Additionally, their ability to cope with them gradually improved over time. This study expands dual relationships research, and also reveals unique characteristics associated with corporate counseling, Based on the results of this study, the authors make recommendations regarding the development of professional curriculum and guidelines for managing non-sexual dual relationships in the counseling context.
The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of a behavioral parent training program for child abusers on re-abuse rates, parenting stress, parenting attitudes, and destructive behavior in children. The subjects were 19 pairs of parents who had been accused of child abuse and neglect. The intervention was the behavioral parent training program developed by Kim et al., 2018. Before and after parent training, the Parenting Stress Index, Parenting Attitude Test, and Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory were administered. Assessment results and re-abuse rates of participants were collected at one year after completion of the program. A large effect size was found for decreases in parenting stress and increases in positive parenting attitudes. A very large effect size was found for decreases in negative parenting attitudes and children’s destructive behavior. Re-abuse rates (5.2%) were 50% lower than national re-abuse rates during the same year.
This study investigated the effectiveness of counseling programs based on Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) in Korea. A meta-analysis of 25 studies that met the selection criteria, and were published in Korea from January 2010 to September 2020, was conducted. The total effect size was 0.89 (p<.001), and the effect sizes of counseling effectiveness on unstable attachment and emotional regulation difficulties were confirmed to be large. The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that EFT-based counseling programs conducted in Korea are particularly effective in reducing unstable attachment and emotional regulation difficulties among other variables that have been studied. Such programs are most effective in couples, in media-based counseling, and in groups comprising fewer than 10 individuals. The current study provides a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the effects of EFT-based counseling programs in Korea. Implications for designing EFT-based counseling programs, study limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Professional Identity Scale for Korean Counselors. First, a literature review and open-question survey were conducted. Next, 5-factors and 37-items were chosen using content validation by 12 counseling experts. An exploratory factor analysis was then conducted with a sample of 253 counselors. This resulted in a 3-factor, 20-item solution. Contemporary factor analysis using a separate sample of 311 counselors, which reconfirmed this model. The three factors were labeled as: Knowledge and Skill; Role and Attitude; and Value and Belief. Discriminant, convergent and criterion-related validities were examined via correlations with the Professional Identity Scale, Counselor Developmental Scale, Counselor Self-efficacy Scale and Counselor Burn-out Scale. Based on the findings of this study, implications, limitations and directions for future research are presented.
The purpose of this study was to validate and explore the factor structure of the Korean version of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory-Short Form (FFNI-SF), a measure developed to assess the constructs of narcissism from an integrated perspective. Structural Equation Modeling was conducted on data from 271 undergraduates. Next, convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity were verified in a separate sample of 277 undergraduates. The results indicated that the FFNI-SF was best represented by 3 factors: Entitled Narcissism (EN-N), Ostentatious Narcissism (OS-N), and Evaluative Narcissism (EV-N). These factors manifested convergent and divergent relationships with measures of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. While EN-N showed significant correlations with all narcissism measurements, OS-N and EV-N had positive correlation only with grandiosity and vulnerability, respectively. Concurrent validity was further analyzed, revealing that different components of the FFNI-SF manifested different relationships with self-esteem, indicating a potential underlying association between narcissism and self-esteem.
This study aimed to reevaluate the validity of the Korean version of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale. The scale was administered online to 925 Korean adults. In the exploratory factor analysis (n=448), 18 of the 27 items were extracted, and 4 factors were derived: Ease of Excitation, Aesthetic Sensitivity, Low Sensory Threshold, and Nunchi. In the confirmatory factor analysis (n=477), the 4-factor structure was confirmed, and reliability and concurrent validity were verified. In the latent class analysis, the 4-layers: orchids (22.6%), healthy orchids (3.1%), tulips (54.7%), dandelions (19.5%); and cut-off points (5.25, 4.31) were derived. The results reverified that the K-HSPS-18 is a reliable and valid tool. The shortened version (K-HSPS-10) was also found to be valid; however, in previous studies, Aesthetic Sensitivity was a differential dimension, suggesting the need for a multidimensional scale. Furthermore, the Nunchi factor, 4-layers, and deleted items strongly suggest that Koreans’ sensitivity has culturally unique characteristics.
The purpose of the study was to validate the Korean version of the Transgender Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (K-TABS). First, the K-TABS items were translated and retranslated. Next, expert consultation resulted in the modification or removal of some items. An exploratory factor analysis was then conducted with 300 adults. The result revealed a 3-factor structure with 22 items. The factors were: Interpersonal Comfort, Sex/Gender Belief and Human Value. Confirmatory analysis, reliability analysis, and validity analysis were conducted with 285 adults. The confirmatory analysis confirmed the 3-factor, 22-item model. Internal consistency was .96. Convergent validity, criterion validity, and discriminant validity were verified through the analysis of correlations with other scales. Additionally, incremental validity was verified through hierarchical analysis. The significance and limitations of this study, and directions for future research are presented.
This study investigated the mediating effects of perfectionistic self-presentation and avoidance coping in the relationship between perceived parental psychological control and social problem-solving ability. Participants were 284 middle school students who completed the Psychological Control Scale-Youth Self-Report, the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale-Korean Version, Problem Orientation Scale, and Coping Strategy Indicator Scale. Parental psychological control had a significant negative correlation with social problem-solving abilities; however, it did not have a significant direct effect. Additionally, the mediating role of perfectionistic self-presentation in the relationship between parental psychological control and social problem-solving ability was confirmed. The mediating role of avoidance coping in the relationship between parental psychological control and social problem-solving ability was also confirmed. Finally, the double mediated effect of perfectionistic self-presentation and avoidance coping in the relationship between parental psychological control and social problem-solving ability was confirmed. Implications, limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
This study investigated whether rejection sensitivity and multidimensional experience avoidance have a double mediating effect on the relationship between adult attachment and social anxiety among college students. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. In a comparison between the research model and the competition model, the competition model best explained the relationships. The relationship between adult attachment anxiety and social anxiety was partially mediated by sensitivity to rejection. Additionally, the relationship between adult attachment and social anxiety was partially mediated by multidimensional experience avoidance. Finally, the relationship between adult attachment and social anxiety was double mediated by sensitivity to rejection and avoidance of multidimensional experiences. Based on the results, the significance and limitations of this study, and recommendations for further research are discussed.
This study examined whether loneliness had a mediation effect on the relationship between social support and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents, and whether emotional regulation ability moderated the mediation effect of loneliness. Participants were 180 middle and high school students. The results indicated that loneliness moderated the relationship between social support and non-suicidal self-injury, and that motional regulation skills moderated the effect of non-suicidal self-injury on loneliness. Additionally, loneliness moderated the relationship between social support and non-suicidal self-injury, and the relationship between loneliness and non-suicidal self-injury varied according to the level of emotional regulation ability. The identification of these structural relationships can be used to inform the development of intervention methods to prevent non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Study limitations, implications, and recommendations for futher study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the double mediation effect of mentalization and distress tolerance on the relationship between internalized shame and interpersonal problems. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze data from a survey administered to 431 adults in their 30s and 40s. The results demonstrated significant correlations among variables. Mentalization had a mediating effect on the relationship between internalized shame and interpersonal problems, while distress tolerance did not. Additionally, mentalization and distress tolerance had a double mediating effect. These findings indicate that internalized shame is an important factor that can affects interpersonal problems. High internalized shame had the effect of increasing interpersonal problems through low mentalization and low distress tolerance. Furthermore, the importance of the sequential connection between mentalization and distress tolerance was confirmed. The significance and limitations of this study, and recommendations for further research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderated mediation effect of self-concept clarity through internalization of sociocultural standards of beauty on the association between sexual objectification and self-objectification. Participants were 229 females in their 20s who completed online assessments. The results indicated that intercorrelations between sexual objectification, internalization of sociocultural standards of beauty, and self-objectification were positively significant, and were negatively correlated with self-concept clarity. The mediation model showed that the association between sexual objectification and self-objectification was full mediated by internalization of sociocultural standards of beauty. There was also a moderating effect of self-concept clarity on the path from internalization of sociocultural standards of beauty to self-objectification. Finally, self-concept clarity moderated the mediating effect of sexual objectification on self-objectification through internalization of sociocultural standards of beauty. The limitations and implications of this study are discussed.
This study aimed to examine the multi-dimensionality of self-compassion by typology, and identify differences in academic burnout and perfectionism by latent class. Participants were 681 students from middle and high schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. Analyses included descriptive statistics, correlations, and latent profile analysis. One-way ANOVA, MANOVA, and post hoc tests were also conducted to confirm the differences in academic burnout and perfectionism by self-compassion typology. As a result of considering goodness of fit, classification ratio, and analysis possibility, self-compassion was classified into: Indifference, Uncompassionate, Average, Compassionate, and High Responding groups. Additionally, there were differences in academic burnout and perfectionism by sub-factor. Based on the findings, the authors identify the multi-dimensionality of self-compassion, and discuss the implications of self-compassion for adolescents. Limitations and recommendations for further research are also presented.
The study explored the experience of relationship problems, one of the most significant challenges that out-of-school youths face after school dropout, from the perspective of Haslam’s Social Identity Model of Identity Change. Participants were 13 youths who had discontinued their schooling. Data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method developed by Braun and Clarke (2012). The first theme, crisis of social identity after discontinuation of schooling, was derived and six sub-themes were formed. The second theme, overcoming the crisis of social identity after discontinuation of schooling, and protective factors, included eight sub-themes. The third theme, self-evaluation and retrospective evaluation of discontinuation of schooling as viewed from the current perspective, was derived while forming six sub-themes. The significance and implications of the results are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of traumatic experience fragmentation on the relationship between the impact of traumatic experience and complex posttraumatic symptoms. Based on previous research, traumatic experience fragmentation was conceptualized in two dimensions: sensation-based memory, and narrative. Participants were 277 college students, and 180 reporting having had a traumatic experience. The results indicated that the activation of sensation-based memory and narrative fragmentation fully mediated the relationship between trauma and CPTSD. A multi-group analysis was used to investigate the path difference between the simple trauma group (n=82) and the complex trauma group (n=98). The results indicated that the path of trauma impact to the activation of sensation-based memory was significantly different between the two groups. The implications and limitations of this study, and recommendations for the further study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate and understand the experiences of bereaved parents six years after the Sewol ferry disaster, and to examine changes in grieving experiences over time. A total of 10 bereaved parents participated in this qualitative study. Individual interviews were performed, and the transcribed interview data were analyzed using Giorgi’s phenomenological method. The analysis resulted in 35 sub-themes and 8 themes, including: changed perception, sensitiveness, changed interpersonal relationships, disappointment and anger, sense of loss, frustration, anxiety, and physical symptoms. Furthermore, 24 sub-themes and 5 themes were identified for the process of change in the grieving experiences of bereaved parents over time. These themes included: restoring the balance of life, seeking the meaning of life, enduring life, the barren and dry life, and deteriorating quality of life.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether self-compassion and conflict coping method play a role in the relationship between perceived parental martial conflict and martial satisfaction. Participants were 448 married people between 35 and 54 years old. Measures included the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, Marital Conflict Coping Method Scale, and Marital Satisfaction Inventory. The multiple mediation model verification, described by Hayes (2015), was performed. The results indicated that self-compassion and the rational coping method showed a sequential full-mediating effect between parents’ marital conflict and marriage satisfaction, while the evasive method showed a partial-mediating effect. The results suggests that in order to promote marital satisfaction, interventions should address self-compassion and rational conflict coping methods, as well as the experience of parental marital conflict.
This study examined the experiences of family dissolution and reconstruction in remarried families. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 adults in reconstructed families. The results were analyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological qualitative research method. The nine themes identified were: wounds of ex-marriage; difficulties of single parenting, and the help of parents and siblings; time having endured alone and time surrounded by people; fear and worries of beginning and children's support; problems in the process of forming a new family; efforts to adapt to a new family; sense of security in the new family; tasks left behind and family wanting to keep; and, changing myself through family reconstruction and wishes. This study provides integrated data on remarried families by exploring the flow through the pre-start, beginning, adaptation, and stabilization stages, including changes after remarriage and unresolved challenges.
The purpose of this study was to classify social class clusters and examine differences in psychological characteristics and counseling accessibility across clusters. It also aimed to examine mediating effects of coping strategies on the relationships between social class clusters and aspects of mental health. Data from 617 Korean adults were analyzed. The clusters revealed were: Optimistic Social Class Perception, Negative Social Class Perception, High Social Class, and Low Social Class. MANOVA results indicated significant differences across social class clusters in levels of depression, anxiety, the mental health continnum, and active coping strategies. Active coping strategies had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between social class clusters and mental health continuum. No significant differences in counseling accessibility were found across clusters. This study added empirical evidence to social class literature and pointed to the critical role that social class may play in understanding mental health issues.
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between self-injury and suicide, and to analyze messages posted on Instagram related to these two terms using text mining. The results of the text mining analysis reflected that self-injury was an attempt to deal with negative emotions, while suicide was an attempt to end one's life. The analysis also revealed the following findings: First, depression was the most frequently used word in self-injury posts, while death was the most frequently used word in suicide posts. Second, help-seeking behavior was more common in self-injury posts, but helplessness was more common in suicide posts. Third, self-injury posts reflected personal motivation, while suicide posts reflected social motivation. Fourth, self-injury posts had fewer negative words than suicide posts. Finally, there were few preventive posts related to self-injury. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
