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Vol.37 No.4
Abstract
Boundary extension is a memory distortion where individuals recall a scene as encompassing a broader area than was originally perceived. Recent studies have shown that boundary contraction, where a narrower area is remembered, is also a common phenomenon. Both types of boundary transformations are systematically influenced by scene properties. However, the cognitive mechanisms through which scene properties induce boundary transformations remain largely unexplored. It has been suggested that scene properties influence boundary transformations by guiding visual attention, but empirical evidence that supports this idea is limited. To address this gap, the current study investigated how scene properties and visual attention interact to influence boundary transformations by manipulating both top-down and bottom-up attention. In Experiment 1, top-down attention was directed toward either objects or backgrounds of a scene. However, no significant effects of attention on boundary transformations were observed. In contrast, Experiment 2 revealed that boundary transformations were significantly influenced by bottom-up attention. Specifically, when attention was directed toward the center of the scene, boundary extension increased, while attention directed toward the periphery increased boundary contraction. Moreover, object-related properties interacted with the direction of bottom-up attention, further modulating boundary transformations. These results suggest that scene properties influence boundary transformations by modulating visual attention. The current study extends the existing theories of boundary transformation that rely on stimulus-level explanations by uncovering the role of cognitive mechanisms.
Abstract
Korean words are classified into three types based on their origin: Sino-Korean words, native words, and loanwords. While most Sino-Korean words consist of multiple morphemes, native words can be further categorized into monomorphemic words and polymorphemic words, depending on their morphological structure. Previous research (Shin & Park, 2023) has shown that various letter characteristics (such as letter frequency, vowel direction, and the presence of final consonants) affect lexical decision times for two-syllable Hangul words. The present study aims to investigate whether the effects of letter variables differ according to word type. To explore this, lexical decision time data from KLP (Yi et al., 2017) were analyzed, by categorizing words based on word length (2, 3, and 4 syllables) and word type (three origins). Native words were further classified as either monomorphemic or polymorphemic, based on the number of morphemes. The results of a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that for two-syllable Sino-Korean words, lexical decision time tended to increase with the frequency of both the first and second letters, and it was longer when the first letter contained a final consonant. For two-syllable native words, lexical decision time only increased with the frequency of the first letter, but this effect was observed exclusively in polymorphemic words. In contrast, for two-syllable loanwords, lexical decision time increased with the frequency of the second letter. For three-syllable and four-syllable words, the effects of letter variables were less pronounced, and no significant difference was found between monomorphemic and polymorphemic native words. These findings suggest that word processing may vary depending on the word type, particularly indicating that the processing of two-syllable monomorphemic words and polymorphemic words may differ.
Abstract
This study investigated the formation and consolidation of memory following the learning of Korean Eojeols using Eojeol recognition task and an Eojeol decision task. Eojeol recognition task was designed to access episodic memory primarily, whereas the Eojeol decision task served as an index of semantic memory. In addition, we examined how lexical variables of the learned Eojeols influenced performance as a function of temoral delay. Participants performed the tasks immediately after learning and following a day of delay. The results showed that Eojeol recognition task had clear learning effects immediately after training, whereas the Eojeol decision task did not yield significant effects. This suggests that newly learned Eojeols may initially be supported by episodic memory representations. Furthermore, temporal delay significantly reduced reaction times across both tasks. However, accuracy was not significantly different before and after the delay in either task, suggesting that temporal delay alone may not be sufficient to induce stronger learning effects. Finally, in the Eojeol recognition task, the effect of temporal delay interacted with the frequency of the first syllable, indicating that lexical variables may exert different influences at early learning stages versus during consolidation.