초록

본 연구에서는 한글 단어를 읽을 때 필수적으로 적용되어야 하는 음운 규칙들이 실제로 얼마나 잘 적용되는지 각 규칙의 적용도를 검토하였다. 한글 단어에서 높은 발생 빈도를 보이는 8개의 음운 규칙을 선정하여, 규칙별로 40개씩, 총 320개의 2음절 단어에 대해 209명의 발음 표상을 조사하였다. 조사는 전사(transcription) 방식으로 이루어졌는데, 참가자들은 제시된 단어들을 스스로 발음해 보고 소리 나는 그대로 적도록 요구되었다. 연구 결과, 8개의 음운 규칙은 항상 적용되는 필수적인 규칙임에도 불구하고 그 적용도에 있어서 차이를 나타냈다. 장애음 뒤 경음화, ㄹ 뒤의 ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ 경음화, 연음화, 유기음화 규칙은 90% 이상의 높은 적용률을 보였고, 장애음의 비음화, 유음화 규칙은 그보다 낮은 80-90% 사이의 적용률을 보였다. 유음의 비음화, 장애음의 비음화 + 유음의 비음화 규칙은 80% 미만의 낮은 적용률을 보였는데, 특히 장애음의 비음화 + 유음의 비음화 규칙은 다른 규칙들에 비해 적용률이 매우 낮았다(58.3%). 본 연구 결과는 사람들이 가지고 있는 단어의 실제 음운 표상이 음운 규칙의 적용에 의해 기대되는 표상과는 차이가 있으며 다양한 형태로 나타날 수 있음을 시사한다.

Abstract

In this study, we investigated how well phonological rules are applied when Korean people pronounce words written in Hangul. We examined the applicability of the eight obligatory phonological rules that are most frequently used in Korean. Forty two-syllable noun words were assigned for each of the rules, and 209 participants were asked to transcribe a total of 320 words after they pronounced them. The results showed that there were differences among the rules in their applicability, even though using the rules was obligatory in principle. Four of the rules, namely Tensification after an obstruent, Tensification of /d, s, j/ after /l/, Liaison, and Aspiration, showed high applicability (above 90%). The applicability of Lateralization and Nasalization of an obstruent was between 80 and 90%. Nasalization of a liquid and Nasalization of an obstruent + Nasalization of a liquid were applied in less than 80% of cases. In particular, Nasalization of an obstruent + Nasalization of a liquid had a very low applicability (53.8%) compared to all other rules. The results of this study suggest that people's actual phonological representations of words may differ from the representations expected by the application of phonological rules and may appear in various forms.

초록

Abstract

Word frequency is a critical factor in language processing and memory in a variety of dimensions, as demonstrated by extensive research in psycholinguistics. However, recent studies have indicated that contextual diversity, which counts the number of materials in which a word appears, can be a more reliable predictor of language processing than word frequency. The objective of this study was to examine whether the effect of contextual diversity and word frequency varies across language registers in the process of Korean visual word recognition. We calculated word frequency and contextual diversity measures from the written and spoken corpus of the National Institute of Korean Language and analyzed the lexical decision time data in the Korean Lexicon Project (KLP) using hierarchical regression. The results from both corpora commonly elicited a significant facilitatory effect of contextual diversity when word frequency was controlled with other lexical variables. The results of the analysis showed that contextual diversity has a facilitative effect on Korean word recognition when controlling word frequency and other lexical variables in both corpora. However, the effect of word frequency was not observed in the written corpus when contextual diversity was under control. On the other hand, in the spoken corpus, the effect of word frequency was significant, although it was less pronounced compared to the effect of contextual diversity. These findings suggest that contextual diversity may play a significant role in facilitating visual word recognition in Korean, in terms of both written and spoken language.

초록

인지통제는 독립적인 삶에 중요한 영역-일반적인 과정이며, 인지노화에 취약하다. 본 연구는 건강한 노인을 대상으로 인지통제 훈련이 인지기능과 뇌활성화에 미치는 효과를 확인한 Kim, Lee, & Chey(2017)의 fMRI 자료를 이용하여 인지통제 훈련이 휴지 상태와 인지통제과제 수행 시 뇌의 기능적 연결성에 미치는 효과를 탐색하고자 하였다. 64-77세 노인 25명(훈련집단 13명, 비교집단 12명)의 자료가 분석되었으며, 훈련집단은 총 8주 동안 24회기의 인지통제 훈련에 참여하였고, 두 집단 모두에게 사전과 사후 시점에 신경심리검사와 fMRI가 실시되었다. 비교집단에 비교하여, 훈련집단은 훈련 후 휴지 상태에서 감각운동네트워크의 연결성은 감소하였고, 인지통제 과제 중의 DMN 네트워크의 연결성은 증가하였다. 또한 이러한 기능적 연결성의 변화는 인지통제 기능의 변화와 관련되었다. 인지통제훈련 후에 나타난 기능적 연결성 변화의 의미에 대해 논의하고, 추후 연구 방향을 제안하였다.

Abstract

Cognitive control is a domain-general process essential for independent living and is particularly vulnerable to age-related decline. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cognitive control training on functional connectivity during both resting-state and cognitive control task performance, using data from Kim, Lee, and Chey (2017), which examined the impact of cognitive control training on cognitive function and brain activation in healthy older adults. Data from 25 older adults aged 64–77 years (13 in the training group and 12 in the comparison group) were analyzed. The training group completed 24 sessions of cognitive control training over eight weeks, while both groups underwent neuropsychological assessments and fMRI scans before and after the training period. Compared to the comparison group, the training group demonstrated decreased connectivity within the sensorimotor network during the resting state and increased connectivity within the default mode network during the cognitive control task. Moreover, these changes in functional connectivity were associated with improvements in cognitive control performance. The implications of these findings are discussed, along with suggestions for future studies.