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Vol.37 No.2
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how well phonological rules are applied when Korean people pronounce words written in Hangul. We examined the applicability of the eight obligatory phonological rules that are most frequently used in Korean. Forty two-syllable noun words were assigned for each of the rules, and 209 participants were asked to transcribe a total of 320 words after they pronounced them. The results showed that there were differences among the rules in their applicability, even though using the rules was obligatory in principle. Four of the rules, namely Tensification after an obstruent, Tensification of /d, s, j/ after /l/, Liaison, and Aspiration, showed high applicability (above 90%). The applicability of Lateralization and Nasalization of an obstruent was between 80 and 90%. Nasalization of a liquid and Nasalization of an obstruent + Nasalization of a liquid were applied in less than 80% of cases. In particular, Nasalization of an obstruent + Nasalization of a liquid had a very low applicability (53.8%) compared to all other rules. The results of this study suggest that people's actual phonological representations of words may differ from the representations expected by the application of phonological rules and may appear in various forms.
Abstract
Word frequency is a critical factor in language processing and memory in a variety of dimensions, as demonstrated by extensive research in psycholinguistics. However, recent studies have indicated that contextual diversity, which counts the number of materials in which a word appears, can be a more reliable predictor of language processing than word frequency. The objective of this study was to examine whether the effect of contextual diversity and word frequency varies across language registers in the process of Korean visual word recognition. We calculated word frequency and contextual diversity measures from the written and spoken corpus of the National Institute of Korean Language and analyzed the lexical decision time data in the Korean Lexicon Project (KLP) using hierarchical regression. The results from both corpora commonly elicited a significant facilitatory effect of contextual diversity when word frequency was controlled with other lexical variables. The results of the analysis showed that contextual diversity has a facilitative effect on Korean word recognition when controlling word frequency and other lexical variables in both corpora. However, the effect of word frequency was not observed in the written corpus when contextual diversity was under control. On the other hand, in the spoken corpus, the effect of word frequency was significant, although it was less pronounced compared to the effect of contextual diversity. These findings suggest that contextual diversity may play a significant role in facilitating visual word recognition in Korean, in terms of both written and spoken language.
Abstract
Cognitive control is a domain-general process essential for independent living and is particularly vulnerable to age-related decline. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cognitive control training on functional connectivity during both resting-state and cognitive control task performance, using data from Kim, Lee, and Chey (2017), which examined the impact of cognitive control training on cognitive function and brain activation in healthy older adults. Data from 25 older adults aged 64–77 years (13 in the training group and 12 in the comparison group) were analyzed. The training group completed 24 sessions of cognitive control training over eight weeks, while both groups underwent neuropsychological assessments and fMRI scans before and after the training period. Compared to the comparison group, the training group demonstrated decreased connectivity within the sensorimotor network during the resting state and increased connectivity within the default mode network during the cognitive control task. Moreover, these changes in functional connectivity were associated with improvements in cognitive control performance. The implications of these findings are discussed, along with suggestions for future studies.