ISSN : 1229-0688
The present authors try to build a model for counseling and psychotherapy which are efficient for Korean people and suitable for Korean culture. Thus, this is a formulation of an Korean indigenous cultural approach. The theoretical model suggested by the present authors suggests that Shimcheong counselors and therapists are given two major types of assignment. One is to conduct in-depth analyses of the kinds of damaged Shimcheong as well as others and events related to this Shimcheong. Given these analyses, therapeutic interventions and processes are designed. Then, it is required to establish concretely modes of Shimcheong-based discourses and to introduce them to the therapeutic processes. At this point, Shimcheong-discourses should be bidirectional in terms of reciprocal communication, unlike psychoanalysis in which the therapist listen to the client and make psychoanalytic interpretations of this client. These Shimcheong-discourses can occur in natural everyday settings when therapists and clients feel each other in the weness and Cheong-relationship.
The purpose of this study is to provide basis for a suitable counseling model to our culture. The characteristic of the Korean who live in the Orient is different from Western people in various aspects. For that reason, it is a problem to accept unconditionally the counseling approaches which have been developed in Western culture. To resolve such a problem, our collectivism which has been influenced by Confucianism was compared with Western individualism. Because they give much more weight on the harmony among people, they regard a person's personality as an important thing rather than a man's ability or achievement. Thus the counselor who lives in Korea should deal with all the intra and extra world of a client because our society is a collective community. That is, the counselor should deal with interpersonal relations as well as an intra-psychic conflict. The researcher also attempts to explain how to give counsel to the each of two clients in Reality Dynamic Counseling approach which is proposed for the Korean in this study. Moreover, it is contented that the counselor should assume the attitude of an elder in attempting Reality Dynamic Counseling. The ideal attitude of an elder in this approach can be taken out from a stern father and an affectionate mother who have been our ideal parent traditionally.
The purpose of this study was to examine whether counselors' use of cognitive skills is the factor mediating the relationship between the level of counselors' experiences and counseling outcomes. Thirty-eight counselors participated in this study and held a counseling session with four clients for 30 minutes. The counseling sesson was tape-recorded. Two types of cognitive skills~self talk, formulating clinical hypothesis - that counselors used during the counseling session were assessed. Two types of counseling skill-relationship-building skill, problem solving skill-were evaluated. The outcomes of the counseling session were also evaluated on two dimensions(i.e., smoothness, depth). Results indicated that the use of relationship-building skills was significantly positively correlated with the smoothness of the counseling session wheareas the use of problem-solving skills was significantly positively correlated with the depth of counseling session. The use of problem-solving skill had a significantly positive correlation with the level of counselors' experiences; however, the use of relationship -building skills did not show a significant relationship with the level of counselors' experiences. The use of cognitive skills was significantly positively correlated with the effective use of problem-solving skills and with the smoothness and depth of the counseling session. In addition, experienced counselors were found to use more cognitive skills and qualitatively higher cognitive skills than did novice counselors. Counselors' use of cognivive skills was also found to mediate the relationship between the level of counselors' experiences and the outcomes of the counseling session. The results imply that counselors' use of cognitive skills is the core factor of counseling experiences. In conclusion, cognitive skills need to be emphasized as a major component in counselor education and supervision.
The purpose of this study was to develop and examine a scale for measuring the attitudes of the counselors in pantheoratical prospectives. The 8 items Counselor Attitudes Scales was rated by trained raters for 171 counseling segment of 5 minutes units. The results indicated that the raters' reliability coefficient(r) was very high (r=.72~.90), and factor analysis revealed two factors of this scale, critical/respectful factor and emotional sharing factor. Also two factors significantly correlated with the bond factor of client working alliance. This indicated that the counselor was more respectful and more emotional sharing, the more client percepts bonding with counselor.
This study was aimed to examine the reliability and validity of Weiss' Plan Formulation Method, one of the case formulation methods, which evaluates client's problem, therapist intervention and therapy outcome individually. Study 1 examined the interrater reliability on Plan Formulation's components. The average of interrater reliabilities on those were very high; .90 in goal, .93 in obstruction, .88 in test, .91 in insight. And the interrater agreement was moderate. Study 2 rated the plan compatibility of therapist intervention in the basis of plan formulation to examine the reliability of this method. The results were that the interrater reliabilities of two rating methods were very high; .80 in Individual Compatibility and .87 in Segment Compatibility, and interrater agreements were very high; .91 in Individual Compatibility and .82 in Segment Compatibility. Study 3 rated the client's dynamic change using Plan Attainment Scale to test the reliability of this scale, and to evaluate the relationships between this scale and six symptom measures. The interrater reliabilities of items about attaining goal, overcoming pathogenic belief, and overall attainment were high, but that of attaining insight item was low. In analysing the relationships between this scale and six symptom measures, it was found that this scale significantly correlated with composite symptom measure, counseling effect questionnaire and trait anxiety questionnaire. Study 4 tried to test the relationships between the plan compatibility and session outcome. The results were that plan compatibility was significantly correlated with session impact and therapeutic outcome. The implications and limitations of this study was discussed.
This study was attempted to validate the Korean version of Defense Style Questionnaire (K-DSQ). 465 college students completed the K-DSQ and measures of self-esteem, state and trait anxiety, psychoticism, neuroticism, and stress-coping strategies. Four factors were extracted from the factor analysis of the sixteen K-DSQ defense mechanisms, and each factor was termed as immature, adaptive, self-inhibiting, and conflict-avoiding defense style. The cluster analysis of subjects produced three clusters(adaptive. maladaptive, and borderline), and each style of defenses contributed specifically to each type of clusters to determine psychological functioning of adaptation of individuals within each cluster. The results showed that the K-DSQ had good psychometric properties as a measure of mechanisms and styles of defense, and that it could differentiate individual's psychological characteristics and adaptive functioning. The implications and limitations of the study were discussed along with some suggestions for future researches on defense mechanisms.
Since the "scientist-practitioner model" was adopted as an ideal training model for counseling professionals in Boulder conference, the integration of research and practice in counseling psychology has been an important issue. However, because of the difference of paradigm of science and practice, the integration between research and practice is not easy. Methodology and terms for counseling research is complicate for counseling practitioners to understand and use. In this paper, specific suggestions are made to bridge the gap between research and practice in youth counseling psychology; choosing research topics applicable to youth counseling practice, encouraging to use diverse research methodology, presenting studies in journals more applicable to counseling practice, doing research in counseling training clinics, and developing on-going partnership between practitioners and researchers.
This study examined that cultural differences in life stres, somatic symptoms and family belief systems of physical health and the relationships of stress and family belief systems to somatic symptoms. The subjects were 277 male and female college students who were Koreans in Korea, Asian Americans and European Americans in U.S.A. There were significant ethnical differences in daily hassles. Asian American reported highest scores of academic stress. Female students had significantly more daily stress of family and health issues than male students. Among seven somatic symptoms of stress, skin problem had significant ethnical differences. European students reported more skin problems than other two ethnical groups. There were significant gender differences in symptoms of cardiovascular system, digestive system, musculoskeletal system, and metabolic system. Female students reported more symptoms than male students for all systems. There were interaction effects between ethnicity and gender on symptoms of cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, and musculoskeletal system. Asian American and Korean students showed more difficulty of communicate mental issues with family members and concern about physical health than European students. Daily hassles contributed significant variances to all somatic symptoms and family belief systems of health had significant influence to some of somatic symptoms.
This study is to investigate the relationship between Purpose in Life and Death Anxiety. The subjects of this study are 184 junior high school and hight school teacher who have worked for more than 10 years. The measurement tools are Purpose in Life(PiL) test and Collett-Leaster's Fear of Death and Dying Scale(FDDS). The subscales of FDDS are composed of four subscales; fear of death of self, fear of death of other, fear of dying of self, and fear of dying of another. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The mean and the range of PiL are 75.94(SD=±10.56) and 20 - 100 respectively, and the mean and the range of FDDS are 93.35(SD=±11.68) and 36 - 144. 2. 17 percent of subjects responded that they were experiencing existential vacuum which was indicated on the lowest points on Purpose in Life. 3. In particular, subjects' age is the most significant variable in predicting the level of fear of death: the group of subjects in their thirties showed the highest level of fear of death, whereas the subjects in their fifties showed the lowest level of fear of death. 4. There was a significant negative correlation between the Purpose in Life and Death Anxiety(r=-0,368, p<,001); the higher the level of Purpose in Life, the lower the level of fear of death.
The present study investigated the relationship among self esteem, depression and past and present family self. 207 college students were administered Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, Korean version of Beck Depression Index and "Family Self," a subtest of Self Concept Inventroy developed by Chung Wonsik. Past family self was correlated highly with present family self and present family self with depression and self esteem. However in regression analysis past family self appeared to exert little direct influence on depression and self esteem while present self was associated significantly with self esteem and depression. The results did not agree with author s clinical experience.
This study investigated the specific cognitive factors associated with social anxiety and depression. The Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Irrational Belief Test, the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, and the Core Belief List were administered to 770 college students. The results showed that the core belief was directly related with both social anxiety and depression, the irrational belief was related only with social anxiety, and the dysfunctional attitude was not related with either of them. While catastrophizing, personal perfection, demand for approval and emotional irresponsibility were the irrational beliefs which are specific to social anxiety, helplessness and blame proneness were specific to depression. Problem avoidance and anxious overconcern were the common factors of social anxiety and depression. Also the current study compared mixed (socially anxious-depressed), socially anxious, depressed, and control groups. The results showed that the depressive affect was primarily associated with the negative core belief and dysfunctional attitude. And among groups, the mixed group was the most dysfunctional. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study were discussed.
This study was conducted to examine the effects of stress, self-esteem and student-teacher relationship on adolescent school adjustment represented by depression, delinquency, school achievement and peer problems. Participants were 2,172 students from middle and high schools located in Seoul, and each student was asked to complete a self-report questionnaire. Results indicated that self-esteem and academic stress, among various psychosocial variables included in the present study, consistently had a significant effect on all of the areas in school adjustment. Peer-related stress was related with all school adjustment measures except delinquency, and the student-teacher relationship variable was related exclusively with delinquency and peer problems. Implications were discussed in terms of how to develop intervention strategies to promote adolescent school adjustment and how the results can be applied to the current school system in Korea.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of in-class attentive behavior of students when a proper level of difficulty for their academic ability is provided to the underachieving and distractible students. Six male students in the 9th grade were sampled because they were evaluated as underachieving and distractible by their teachers. Their attentive and inattentive behaviors were observed and recorded by two trained observers in ordinary class and in controlled class. The two classes are same in their class size, but different in their difficulty level of instruction. The method of whole-interval time sampling was used for this observation and recording, in which attentive behavior is scored only when it lasts at least ten seconds. The six subjects were observed five times in their ordinary classes and five times in their controlled classes. As predicted, the results of this study showed that the ratio of attentive behavior in controlled class is higher than in ordinary class. This is quite a bit consistent for the all six subjects. The results suggest that school teachers be able to enhance the attentive behaviors of distractible students by simply changing the difficulty of their instructions.
This study was designed to investigate whether psychological separation and parental attachment are significantly related to career maturity and to explore the influence of gender on the relationships among these variables. Subjects were 221 Korean high school juniors from intact families. Participants completed 1) a brief demographic data questionnaires, 2) the Psychological Separation Inventory, 3) the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment and 4) the Career Attitude Maturity Inventory. Data were analyzed using a canonical correlation analysis for the total sample and by gender. Psychological separation was significantly associated with career maturity. Although all the psychological separation variables with the exception of conflictual independence from mother were influential in the development of career maturity, the most influential factors were emotional independence and functional independence from mother. Parental attachment was also significantly associated with career maturity. Especially, attachment to mother was influential in the development of career maturity. Some significant gender differences in the relationships among psychological separation, parental attachment and career maturity were found. It was concluded that both psychological separation and parental attachment are important family relationship factors in the development of career maturity of Korean high school students. The implications of this study for theory and counseling practice were discussed and recommendations for future research were made.
Counseling has dealt with mind as one of the core mechanisms which influence human being. As we know well, most of the counseling tasks are related with mind in one way or another. Therefore it's very natural for counselors try to have broad and deep knowledge on the identity and function of mind. This study analysed the mind from Oriental viewpoint and found some valuable information from it, which will enrich counseling process and strategies. Specifically, the concepts of human mind and the strategies of its change have been reviewed in detail in Confucian, Buddhism, and Taoism. And how those of oriental view point can be applied in counseling practice has been discussed also. The results of this study will add Oriental viewpoint to our understanding of human mind and broaden our perspectives on counseling process as an effective aide for human change.
This study tried to suggest the clinical meaning of image, the current state and history of the image therapy, and the theory and method of the Kathathymes Bilderleben image thrapy(KB image therapy). And this study investigated how the image diagnose and differentiate the neurotic and normal correctly by the experiment method and study. In the experiment, the experiences of flower image and Rhythmic-Photic Stimulation(RPS) of the 57 subjects and 45 controls were analyzed, and investigated. The hypothesis of this study was as follows: First, the reaction time of flower image and RPS of the dysthymic were significantly later than of the normal group. Second, the experience image contents of the dysthymic are different from them of the normal (Scheffler, 1994). To select the dysthymic from the normal, BDI, MMPI-D, SDI were used. The flower image was practiced after relation training, which is automatic training of Schultz(1966), and for the RPS experience and measurement, RPS-Flame glasses(Czycholl, 1984; Stampfer, 1832), which is made according to Stroboscope pricciple, were used. In the experiment result, the reaction time of the dysthymic were significantly later than the normal, and the image contents of flower and RPS between the dysthymic and normal were significantly different. This study could experimentally testfy the diagnostic function of the image, which diagnose the neurotic and the normal, and suggestion that the image is very important thrapeutic mediator in image therapy. So it is suggested and implied that the image of the image therapy has not only therapeutic function, but also diagnostic function by this experiment study. 33
The purpose of this study is to facilitate children's social skill and self communication ability who is deficient of social skills. The adaptation of the small group play therapy program are appropriate to age and sexuality of the children. Teaching leader use to reactive teaching style and moderate semi constructed style, but not to use direct teaching style, the participants are children that 4-5 years old boys and girls, they are all lack of social skill and self communication skill. The study period is 1999, January, during 1 month. Twice a week, nine session. Reliability of the result is 30%. child yo 92.5%，child do 90.6%，child so 100%. and the small group play therapy tested during 30 minute, the first step played are a children's story, and second step is group physical games. The result of this study is follows. Children are desirable change in social skills according to the individual difference, and are appeared to acquire self learning. The effects of play elements that come to progress of the children's social skills are second step group physical games. The play therapy is child centered play therapy that believe children has self regulation skill and semi structured teaching method. Teacher prepare game and the progress.
