ISSN : 1229-0688
A total of 23 studies conducted in Korea from 1993 to 2016 (N=3,782) were utilized in this study to examine the relationship between the working alliance and counseling outcomes through meta-analysis. Using the random effect model, the relationship was found to be statistically significant, with a mean effect size of r=.645 (k=32). This result indicated that the higher the working alliance level is, the greater the counseling outcome will be. Because the data appeared to be heterogeneous, a search for moderator variables using subgroup analysis was conducted. There was no difference in effect size between the group of raters, working alliance scales, and the type of clients. However, a difference was found in publication status. Specifically, in unpublished studies the relationship between working alliance and counseling outcome was greater.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the experience of crying during the therapy process. Nine participants (3 men, 6 women), who had cried within the last 6 months were recruited as participants. After conducting interviews, transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi's method of phenomenological study. To explore crying in the context of meaningful experience, four clusters were created: 'contact', 'staying with emotions', 'being wrapped up' and 'the world has changed'. It was found that participants often realized the reason behind the difficulty they were facing while crying during therapy. In addition, it was revealed that beliefs about emotional expression, based on social and cultural backgrounds, played an important role. In this respect, while staying present in the process of feeling each emotion (e. g. whirlpool of emotions, calmness), clients were also experiencing feelings associated with whether or not they wanted to cry. Ultimately, the crying experience largely influenced participant commitment and active involvement in continued therapy.
The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship between counselor authenticity, counseling relationship skill, client perception of counselors, and the overall working alliance. 222 counselors and clients completed scales, and the data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. Results showed that counselor authenticity indirectly effected the working alliance via the counselor's relationship skills and the client's perception of counselors. In addition, the counselor's authenticity had a direct effect on the working alliance. A multi-group analysis was conducted to examine whether there was a difference in the final model depending on the career length of counselors. The results of the analysis indicated that the final model could also apply to both beginning and senior-level counselor groups. Implications and limitations are discussed.
This study investigates the influence of a supervisor's ethical behavior, as perceived by the supervisee, on the supervisory working alliance and supervision satisfaction. 204 out of 227 surveys of supervisees undergoing supervision or have undergone supervision within the year of the survey were analyzed. Results showed that first, the lower the supervisee's perception of his supervisor's ethical behavior, the greater the negative impact on the supervisory working alliance and overall supervisee supervision satisfaction. Second, the relationship between supervisory working alliance and supervision satisfaction - as per the supervisor's ethical behavior and the counselor's development level - revealed that the lower ranking group for supervisor's ethical behavior level and the novice counselor group, when combined, had the lowest level of supervisory working alliance and supervision satisfaction, and the greatest gap with other groups. References for the development of future ethics guidelines are discussed.
Based on the help-seeking model (Vogel & Wester, 2003) and previous studies, this research examined the moderated mediating effects of mid-life crisis and counseling environment, as well as the mediating effect of self-stigma on the links between gender role conflict and professional help seeking variables. Data from a sample of 257 men between the ages of 40 to 59 were analyzed using the moderated mediation model by Preacher, Rucker, and Hayes (2007). First, gender role conflict negatively impacted help seeking variables via self-stigma. Second, mid-life crisis moderated the link between gender role conflict and self-stigma, and the environment variable moderated the relationship between self-stigma and counseling attitudes. Third, mid-life crisis moderated the indirect effect of gender role conflict; the bigger the crisis, the greater the indirect effect of gender role conflict on the help-seeking variables. The moderated mediating effect of the environment variable was not significant.
The purpose of the study was twofold: synthesize the current body of research related to adolescent internet addiction from an ecological perspective and identify the relationships among influential factors of internet addiction. According to results, the most influential psychological variables were anxiety, stress, impulsivity and depression. Family related variables included family stress and problematic communication style and academic variables were revealed as influential factors to internet addition. In addition, results showed that self-control and school adjustment were influential buffering variables to internet addiction. Stress and depression/anxiety have a direct effect on internet addiction while impulsivity and school adjustment did not. Results also revealed that self-control partially mediated the relationship between adolescent internet addiction and internal constructs (depression/anxiety). In addition, self-control fully mediated between internet addiction and impulsiveness. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Belief in a just world (BJW), that the world is just and people get what they deserve, has been studied as a cognitive factor and predictor for mental health and social attitudes. As no valid scale measuring BJW exists in Korea, the purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Procedural and Distributive Just World Belief Scale (PDJWBS), a scale currently utilized in the United States to measure BJW. Two samples, one with 266 college students and another with 231 adults were used. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses resulted in 16 items and 4 factors, identical to the original scale. The tests of convergent validity, concurrent validity, and cross-cultural validity revealed strong evidence for the validity of the Korean version of the Belief in a Just World Scale and the reliabilities of the four factors were .83∼.90.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychological changes in female victims of dating abuse as the violence escalates from psychological to physical and sexual. 19 women, with previous history of dating abuse were interviewed and their responses were analyzed according to grounded theory. 127 concepts, 51 subcategories and 21 upper categories were deducted via open category. Causal conditions included: ‘weird,’ ‘embarrassing,’ ‘painfully pleasant,’ and ‘scared’ were deducted. Contextual conditions included: ‘awareness in dating’ and ‘acceptability to violence’ were deducted. Central phenomenon was noted as ‘experience of abnormal love.’ For action/interaction strategy, ‘facing,’ ‘stepping back,’ ‘looking for an alternative,’ ‘imagining,’ ‘remembering,’ and ‘severing’ were deducted, and ‘reminiscing,’ ‘relieving,’ ‘scared,’ and ‘nonchalant’ were deducted. Through selective coding a total of 4 types were deducted. The types are categorized as ‘accepting,’ ‘jealous,’ ‘terrified’ and ‘hopeless.’
This study examined the relationship between childhood trauma and relationship addiction, specifically, the mediating role of internalized shame. A total of 245 female undergraduates who reported at least one experience of love were analyzed via structural equation modeling (SEM). Variables were assessed using correlation analysis and SEM verification was conducted to determine whether internalized shame mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and relationship addiction. Results are as follows: SEM analyses confirmed the completed mediation model indicating that first, that childhood trauma is the primary antecedent of relationship addiction. Second, childhood trauma has an effect on relationship addiction but only when childhood trauma results in significant levels of internalized shame conceptualized as inadequacy, emptiness, self-punishment, and fear of making mistakes. Implications and limitations of this study and future research suggestions are discussed.
This study aimed to investigate the dual mediating effect of parental attachment and recidivism on the relationship between empathy and ego-resilience in ex-offenders. Participants included 276 ex-offenders receiving services via a Korean Rehabilitation agency separated into two groups: first offense ex-offenders and ex- offenders with two or more offenses. First, to explore the differences between parental attachment, empathy, ego-resilience in the two groups in order to identify the differences in parent attachment, empathy. Structural equation modeling was used to compare the fit of the research and alternative models, and the research model was determined to be the best model. Results showed that paternal attachment had a direct effect on recidivism and an indirect, mediating effect on empathy and ego-resilience. Maternal attachment had a direct effect on recidivism but not effect, directly or indirectly, empathy and ego-resilience. Limitations, future research and counseling implications are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the moderated mediation effect of social support through acquired capability for suicide on the relationship between impulsivity and suicidal behavior. Participants included 471 early adults (18 to 35 years old) who completed self-report. SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze the data. Results were as follows: First, there was a significant positive correlation between impulsivity, acquired capability for suicide, and suicidal behavior. Second, the mediating model showed that the relationship between impulsivity and suicidal behavior was partially mediated by acquired capability for suicide. Third, hierarchical regression analysis showed that social support moderated the effect of acquired capability for suicide on suicidal behavior. Moreover, social support moderated the mediation effect of acquired capability for suicide via impulsivity and suicidal behavior. Academic and clinical implications and limitations were discussed.
This study was conducted to examine whether cognitive flexibility acts as a mediator between worry and rumination in the context of influencing stress response in 357 university students. The structural model of worry, rumination and cognitive flexibility that affects stress response was proved to be appropriate and results showed significant correlations among all variables. Cognitive flexibility fully mediated the relationship between worry and stress response and partially mediated the relationship between rumination and stress response. There were no significant differences in path coefficients between the path from worry to cognitive flexibility and the path from rumination to cognitive flexibility. Independent t-test and multi-groups analysis were performed for cross-gender comparison. Significant gender differences were revealed specific to cognitive flexibility and stress response, but ultimately multi-groups analysis indicated no differences between genders. Limitations, implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
This research aimed to investigate the function of search for meaning and presence of meaning, the two subordinate factors of meaning in life, in Undergraduates and middle-aged adults; specifically, the influences of the search for meaning on subjective well-being, and the mediated effect of hope and presence of meaning in that process. This study also aimed to verify differences between groups in the process of searching for meaning, the presence of meaning, and the influence of hope on subjective well-being. Participants included 1,000 individuals, 500 undergraduate students and 500 middle aged adults who completed a survey on meaning in life, hope, and subjective well-being. Regarding mediated pathway, the mediated effect of hope and presence of meaning appeared to be a significant factor in the relationship between search for meaning and subjective well-being. Based on the above result, advanced research, significance and limitations of this study are discussed.
This study investigated the role of relational aggression and internalized shame on the relationship between parental psychological control and peer relationships; a cross-gender analysis was also conducted. Participants included 595 adolescents who were recruited from middle and high schools in Daegu, Gyeongbuk, and Ulsan. Results showed that relational aggression fully mediated the relationship between the parental psychological control and peer relationships; internalized shame fully mediated the relationship between the parental psychological control and peer relationships. The study also revealed that higher parental psychological control resulted in higher levels of internalized shame; specifically, relational aggression negatively affects peer relationships. According to multiple group analyses regarding gender differences, disparities were found in the effects of maternal psychological control on internalized shame. Based on these results, implications, limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
