ISSN : 1229-0688
The current study aimed to explore the internal experiences and lives of the bereaved parents of the Sewol Ferry Disaster. Interview data were collected 2 years after the Sewol Ferry Disaster from 17 parents who lost their adolescent child. The interviews were analyzed using a content analysis, and the results were classified by 4 dimensions (‘psychological-emotional’, ‘physical’, ‘cognitive’ and ‘behavioral’), and 25 categories with 94 meaning contents emerged under these dimensions. The psychological-emotional dimension included lethargy, depressive moods, anger suppression, panic symptoms, suicidal thoughts and attempts, increase in sensitiveness and suspicion, irritability, and decline inempathy. The physical one included loss of sight and hearing, chronic pain, amnesia, and other significant physical deterioration. The cognitive one included decline in memory, attention deficit, transition of the meaning of death, and change in the meaning of life. The behavioral one included poor diet, increase in smoking, and self-regulatory failure in alcohol consumption.
This study aimed to identify the moderating effect of counselor development levels on the relationship between the Big Five Personality Traits and the working alliance. Survey data was collected from 261 counselors working in both public and private sectors. Participants were asked to complete the International Personality Item Pool, Working Alliance Inventory, and the Korean Counselor Level Questionnaire. Results are as follows: First, counselor Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were all shown to have a positive relationship with the working alliance while counselor Neuroticism showed a meaningful negative relationship with the working alliance. Second, the moderating effect of counselor development levels were found in the relationships between counselor Openness and Agreeableness. Finally, counselor development levels were not found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between counselor Neuroticism, Extractive, Conscientiousness and the working alliance.
The purpose of this study was to examine whether counselor homophobia and lesbian and gay counseling competence influenced clinical judgment and counselors’ reaction towards clients. Making use of a quasi-experimental design, 110 counselors were randomly assigned to homosexual and heterosexual conditions and their reaction to a fictitious intake report of a male client was observed. The analysis demonstrated that counselors’ clinical judgment and reaction towards gay clients significantly differed according to counselor homophobia. Counselors who exhibited higher levels of homophobia rated gay client’s overall level of functioning to be lower than the ratings of counselors who displayed low homophobia. Also, counselors with high levels of homophobia judged the gay client to possess more sexual problems, and reacted more negatively overall, towards the gay client. Additionally, regardless of their level of homophobia, counselors reported more sexual identity problems with the gay client than the heterosexual client. Counselors’ level of competence in lesbian and gay counseling did not appear to have a primary effect.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-week Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) group program on reducing self-criticism among college students. Participants with high scores on the self-criticism scale were assigned to the experimental group (N=16) and the control group (N=19). Self-criticism, mindfulness, self-compassion, positive/negative affect and psychological well-being scores were all measured. The participants rated the scales three times, right before, immediately after, and one month following program completion. Open-ended questions were asked and analyzed as well. The study found that, when compared to the control group, the experimental group showed a significant increase in mindfulness, self-compassion and psychological well-being as well as significant reductions in self-criticism and negative affect. There were also upper intermediate correlations between the increments of mindfulness, self-compassion and the variation of self-criticism, negative affect and psychological well-being. Findings show that this type of program would benefit self-critical university students.
Korean adolescents are increasingly experiencing traumatic loss from suicide, school violence, family breakdown, and national disaster; however, little research on Korean adolescents with grief issues has been conducted. The current study aimed to develop a group counseling program based on Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and to verify its effectiveness. Participants included volunteering 31 9th graders from two different schools who have experienced relationship loss. Students were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups based on gender and type of loss experienced: a treatment group (TF-CBT group), an active comparison group (Supportive Therapy group), and a wait-list control group. Repeated Two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among the groups in all areas; treatment group reported significantly lower grief, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and posstraumatic stress, and significantly higher posstraumatic growth. Treatment effects were found to last 4 weeks after program completion. Implications and suggestions for future research were discussed based on the findings.
This study employed the Latent Growth Model to investigate how the career decision self-efficacy and career indecision level of college students changed through individual career counseling. Additionally, this study explored how student perfectionism and trait anxiety affected the changes in two outcome variables. The results indicated, first, that the level of career decision self-efficacy tended to increase over time ( in accordance with the number of sessions) up until a certain point, and then decrease. Second, students with higher self-oriented perfectionism, lower socially prescribed perfectionism, and lower trait anxiety had significantly higher career decision self-efficacy. Third, trait anxiety had a significant impact on career decision self-efficacy changes; clients with higher trait anxiety showed slower self-efficacy growth. Fourth, career indecision levels tended to decrease over time. Lastly, students with higher self-oriented perfectionism and lower socially prescribed perfectionism had higher initial career indecision scores that decreased rapidly over time.
The purpose of this study was to verify the mediating effect of dysfunctional anger expression on the relationship between internalized shame and depression. Data collected from 421 undergraduate students was used for analysis. Measurements included: Internalized shame scale (ISS), State-Trait anger expression inventory (STAXI-K), Korean version of center for epidemiologic studies-depression scale (CES-D). Data was analyzed through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the mediating effects of dysfunctional anger expression on the relationship between internalized shame and depression. Results of this study are as follows: First, internalized shame showed a significant positive correlation with anger-in/anger-out and depression. Second, dysfunctional anger expression’s mediating effect on internalized shame and depression revealed that anger-in and anger out had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between the two variables. Results, limitations and suggestions for future study are discussed.
The present study was aimed to examine the effect of social anxiety on depression depends on the situations. Also, the mediating effect of distress tolerance and avoidance coping strategy between social anxiety and depression were investigated. For this study, the questionnaires were administered to 350 university students located in Gyeongbuk area and their answers to questionnaires were analyzed by AMOS 22.0. Results indicated that the distress tolerance mediated not only between performance anxiety and avoidance coping but also between social interaction anxiety and avoidance coping. Also, avoidance coping significantly effect on the depression. Mediating effect of distress tolerance and avoidance coping between social interaction anxiety and depression was significant, but the mediating effect of distress tolerance and avoidance coping between performance anxiety and depression was not statistically significant. Several implications of these results and limitations of the study were discussed.
This study was conducted to examine what influence various types of interpersonal traumatic experiences of undergraduate students have on family functioning and psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety). Additionally, the mediating effects of family functioning on interpersonal traumatic experiences(intra/extra- familial trauma) and psychological symptoms were tested through structural equation modeling(SEM). A total of 645 undergraduate students(209 males, 436 females) completed a questionnaire surveys. Results are follows: First, there is no indication for the existence of significant differences in family functioning between intra/extra-familial traumatic experience. Second, the extra-familial traumatic experience group showed higher psychological symptoms than intra-familial. Third, family functioning exhibited both indirect and direct effects of interpersonal traumatic experiences on psychological symptoms. Fourth, there was no mediating effect of family functioning in relation to intra-familial traumatic experience and psychological symptoms. There was however, a partially mediating effect of family functioning in relation to extra- familial traumatic experience and psychological symptoms. Implications and limitations are discussed.
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a mid-life crisis scale. Pilot questions were devised by collecting scale questions from previous studies as well as interviewing middle-aged men and women. A preliminary scale was developed by analyzing the collected questions and expert content validation. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out using 526 middle-aged men and women and a mid-life crisis scale consisting of 4 factors and 22 questions was developed. Factors included: ‘self-regret’, ‘loss of youth’, ‘emotional instability’ and ‘crisis of individualization’. Confirmatory factor analysis, using 517 middle aged men and women, validated the effectiveness of the new 4-factor model. It is confirmed that the new mid-life crisis scale is satisfactory and can be effectively applied to the development of a mid-life crisis counseling program.
The aims of the present study were to conceptualize the characteristics of the self that facilitate successful work-family reconciliation, and to develope a scale that measures this construct. The itemswere developed based on Clark’s (2000) work/family border theory and other literature. A pilot study (N=300) and a main study (N=500) with dual-earner couples in their 30s-40s were conducted to validate the scale. The results suggested that the facilitating self for the work-family reconciliation comprised five factors, self and situational awareness, utilization of support from others, flexible border management, communication with spouse, and emotional motivation. The 19-item scale was finalized through tests of reliability and validity. The results of the configural invariance test and metric invariance test suggested that the same scale could be applied to both men and women. Finally, based on the present findings, implications and suggestions for future research were discussed.
