ISSN : 1229-0688
The differences in basic concepts between western and oriental approaches to counseling and psychotherapy examined in the paper are as follows : (1) While an individual is assumed to be self-contained in the western culture, a person is supposed to exist interrelationally with his or her environment and nature in the oriental culture. (2) Western psychotherapy is characterized by the dualistic view of mental functioning, i.e., unconsciousness and consciousness. On the other hand, in the oriental meditation the emphasis is on the developmental quality of "higher" consciousness., (3) While the aims of the western psychotherapy lie in the dimension of self-integration, those of the oriental approach lie in seif-transcendence。(4) Western psychotherapeutic strategies concentrate on the knowing of psychic content of the patient's problem. In contrast, the approach based on the oriental culture would be more concerned with the apperception of relational context of the person. (5) While the methods of western psychotherapy are oriented to correct the person's problem, those of the oriental systems are oriented to enhance positive assets of the person. The paper also proposes some desirable directions fitting in the oriental settingse.
The purpose of this study is to investigate counselors' and clients' attributions of responsibisity for client's problem cause and problem solution and to explore differences of their attributions on socio-cultural backgrounds. The socio-cultural backgrounds in this study included three socio-demographic factors, sex, region, social class. It was sup posed to show cultural differences within each factor in korean society. The attribution test composed of 40items which question problem attributions(internal or external) was given to 50 counselors and 753 clients. The counselors who obtained degree and now are counseling in the field were sampled, The clients who are young adults, Whose ages are ranging from 18 to 25 were sampled. The results are presented as follow : First, the attributions of the counselors were internal, and didn't be affected by their socio-cultural backgrounds. Second, the attributions of the clients were internal, but appeared to be affected by their socio-cultural backgrounds. The male clients showed higher internal attributions than the femiles, partially. The clients who came from city than province, who belonged to the upper class than the lower class showed higher internal attributions. Third, dfferences of the attributions of counselors and clients were statistically significant(except social class). The counselors were higher internality than the clients, but the counselors were not higher internality than the clients, in the upper and the lower class.
This study reviews research reports on the client expectation about counseling. The four different aspects of expectation researches overviewed were the expectation dimension, the effct of client expectation on counseling, the change in client expectation over the course of counseling, and some short-comings of the expectation researches overviewed. Expectation about counseling is multiple, and consists of the expectation of counseling process, counseling outcome, counselor's role, client's role, and counselor-client relationship. Expectation about counseling influences help-and helper-seeking behavior. That is, clients with personal problem seek a professional counselor, and have expectation of the counselors expertness. Many studies examine the assumption that disconfirmation of client expectation has a negative influence in early counseling, but the research results do not seem to be consistent. There are few studies that examine the effect of expectation on the final outcome of counseling. But client expectation changes over the course of counseling, and this change is related to the final outcome. Due to such methodological shortcomings as the ambiguous definition of the term 'expectation', inappropriate analysis method, unvalidated tools, most studies on the client expectation do not converge on the conclusive results. Finally, some suggestions for the future research are presented in this paper.
The present study began with consideration of two related issues : the need to develop culture-fair personality inventories for the Korean population ; and the degree to which C.GJung's theory of psychological type in applicable to nonwestern cultures. The main purpose of this study, therefore, was to standardize and to introduce the Korean version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI), an instrument which measures Jung's theoretical construct in order to help the counseling field in Korea. The first step of the study was conducted with 201 Korean-American Bilingual subjects(Korean-English) drawn from six different cities in the United States, and 141 college students, 232 high school students and 200 working adults drawn from various cities in Korea. The total sample number was 774. The validity and reliability of the Korean version of the MBTI were tested and received satisfactory results. The second step of the study was conducted to provide the Korean norm for the type distributions of the high school students, college students and working adults in Korea. For this purpose, research samples were drawn from Seoul and local areas in Korea: 1,142 high school students, 1,441 college students, and 2,617 adults. The total sample was 5,200. The characteristics of the personality type distribution for each group were analyzed and compared with their counter groups in Western culture.The authors included discussions on the possibilities to explore different avenues and ways to use the MBTI in the field of the counseling as well as organizational settings.
The Purpose of this study is to investigate the meaning of the concept of transaction, as it applies to Berne's transactional analysis(TA), Grinke's transactional approach in psychotherapy, and to communication theory. In Berner's TA, the concept of transaction is employed as an analytic unit of personal communication based on his personality theory. It may be defined as a unit of social intercourse consisting of a single stimulus and a single response for stroke, a unit of recognition. In communication theory and Grinke's transactional approach, the concept of transaction seems to be derived from the concept of transaction of Dewey and Bentley(1949) which is distinguished from interaction Therefore, the meaning of concept of transaction used in these cases are very similar Such concepts of transaction may be defined as a process which crests a meaning with the elements related in a system of communication affected or influenced simultaneously, interdependantly and reciprocally each other. Consequently, in communication theory and Grinke's transactional approach, the concept of transaction can not be identified with the concept of interaction that implies the linear cause and effect or the action and reaction of two separate or independently existing objects.
The purpose of developing this remedial reading instruction program is to help the learning underachievementer enhance not only reading skills and habits but also study skills, study habits, and study attitudes, furthermore academic achievement through reading skills training. The programs of reading remedial instruction which have been introduced up to date almost have dealt with Robinson's SQ3R as a subskill of the whole study skills, for only one or two sessions. So I am going to develop this new program, in which students are trained in reading skills to enhance the reading comprehension intensively for more sessions. It was made up of 3 parts. Part 1 is about the principle of reading skills, which consist of 6 steps of Survey, Explore Key words, Write, Reflect, Recite, and Review(SK4R). And Part2 presents the exercises according to each step and there are the answers of part2 in part 3. In addition to these, training methods which include the selection of the subject, the terms of training, the training approach and procedures, and also the assessment of the training results are proposed.
