ISSN : 1229-0688
Immediacy is an advanced counseling technique that directly utilizes the counseling relationship to produce counseling outcomes. However, it is challenging to train counselors about immediacy due to its complex and intimate nature. Therefore, we explored competencies for immediacy through the concept mapping method. Eight supervisors rated the similarity and importance of the forty-five items derived from interviews with ten experienced supervisors. A two-dimensional concept map was determined to be appropriate after conducting multidimensional scale and cluster analysis. The horizontal axis was ‘Intrapersonal competency’ and ‘Interpersonal competency’. The vertical axis was ‘Experience-based competency’ and ‘Understanding-based competency’. The four clusters were ‘Accept and regulate one’s experiences’ based on the intrapersonal & experience-based competency; ‘Attune relationship with clients through interaction’ based on the interpersonal & experience-based competency; ‘Choose and implement interventions upon evaluation’ based on the interpersonal & understanding-based competency; and ‘Have theoretical and empirical understanding.’ based on the intrapersonal & understanding-based competency. Finally, we discussed the relational meaning of immediacy, the study’s implications for counselor education and training, as well as its limitations.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Integration of Stressful Life Experience Scale (K-ISLES) in Korea. To this end, an online survey was conducted on 1,874 Korean adults (655 with traumatic event experiences and 1,219 with bereavement experiences). The results were as follows. First, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor structure. Second, K-ISLES showed robust internal consistency and Omega reliability. Third, to confirm the validity of K-ISLES, correlation analysis with ‘Sense-Making’, ‘Benefit-Finding’, ‘CES’, ‘World Assumptions Scale’, ‘BSI-18’, ‘SCL-10-R’, and ‘PG-13’ was performed. These results suggest that K-ISLES has adequate psychometric properties for measuring the meaning of Korean adults exposed to traumatic events and bereavement. Implications and recommendations for future research were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the multiple mediating effect of the maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategy(rumination, self-blame, other-blame, catastrophizing) on the relationship between rejection sensitivity of college students and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Data from 143 participants were analyzed. The main results of this study were summarized as follows. First, 143 out of 737 people (19.4%) were subject to non-suicide within the last year. Second, it was found that rejection sensitivity had a positive effect on NSSI. Third, among the sub-factors of the maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategy, it was found that self-blame and catastrophizing had a positive effect on NSSI. Finally, it was found that rejection sensitivity indirectly affects NSSI through catastrophizing. Based on the results, the meanings of this study and suggestions for further research were proposed.
This study explored the effects of negative and positive responses of spouse forgiveness and self-forgiveness on relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction, as well as gender differences in these relationships. Survey data was collected from 572 adults. The study’s findings are as follows. First, the association between spouse forgiveness and relationship satisfaction was stronger than the association between self-forgiveness and relationship satisfaction. Second, there was a slightly stronger association between spouse forgiveness and life satisfaction than between self-forgiveness and life satisfaction. Third, both negative and positive responses of spouse forgiveness, and only positive response of self-forgiveness, were significantly associated with relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction. Fourth, relationship satisfaction significantly mediated the relationship between forgiveness and life satisfaction. Fifth, gender had a significant moderating effect in the relationship between negative response of spouse forgiveness and life satisfaction. This study’s theoretical and practical implications, as well as its limitations, were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of emotional abuse during the developmental years on somatization in adulthood, and to verify whether emotional clarity and anger suppression have a double mediation effect. Survey was conducted on 443 adults between the ages of 20 and 50. SPSS 21.0 & AMOS 21.0 was used to validate the dual mediation model, and the significance of the indirect effect was examined using the bootstrapping method. Emotional abuse, somatization symptoms, emotional clarity and anger suppression scales were used. Emotional abuse experienced during the developmental years affected somatization in adulthood. Emotional clarity had a negative mediating effect. Emotional abuse during the during the developmental years had an impact on somatization in adulthood via a double mediating effect of emotional clarity and anger suppression. Limitations and recommendations for future research are presented.
The purpose of this study is to understand the connection between microaggression and burnout in women who work in natural sciences and engineering. For this purpose, we investigated the effects of gender-microaggression experiences on burnout, developed a model of the moderated mediating effects of self-compassion on this path via self-silencing and loneliness, and examined the fitness of the model and connections among the variables. A convenience sample of 283 women who had graduated from natural science and engineering departments, and were working in natural sciences and engineering fields was recruited. The findings showed that self-silencing and loneliness had partial mediating effects on the relations between gender-microaggression and burnout. The study then examined the moderating effects of self-compassion and found that it had a significant moderating effect on the path of self-silencing and loneliness. Finally, self-compassion significantly moderated the effects of gender-microaggression on burnout via self-silencing and loneliness.
This study investigated whether intolerance of uncertainty mediates the relationship between belief in a just world for self (BJW-self) and career anxiety, and the moderated mediation effect of career decision- making self-efficacy (CDMSE). A survey was conducted on undergraduate students from 11 universities in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Daegu, and Gyeongsang-do of South Korea, and the data from 301 respondents was analyzed. The results indicated that intolerance of uncertainty partially mediated the relationship between BJW-self and career anxiety. Additionally, CDMSE moderated the impact of BJW-self on intolerance of uncertainty, but only at high or average levels of CDMSE. Finally, CDMSE had a moderated mediation effect on the path from BJW-self and intolerance of uncertainty to career anxiety, and this effect was also significant only when CDMSE was low or average. limitations and directions for future research were discussed.
This study aimed to examine the moderated mediating effect of passive coping on the relationship among parenting stress, active coping and disability acceptance. 307 parents of people with developmental disabilities responded to an online survey that included the Parenting Stress Scale, Disability Acceptance Scale, and Stress Coping Scale. After eliminating inattentive responses, data from 263 parents were used to analyze the moderated mediating effect. First, active coping partially mediated the relationship between parenting stress and disability acceptance. Second, passive coping moderated the relationship between parenting stress and active coping. Third, passive coping moderated the mediating effect of active coping between parenting stress and disability acceptance. This study confirmed the importance of active coping in understanding the effect of parenting stress on disability acceptance. In addition, the moderating effect of passive coping suggested that it has a beneficial impact on facilitating parents’ acceptance of their children’s disability.
The study presented an integrated model that includes childhood physical abuse, PTSD symptoms, depression, suicidal ideation and social support, and examined the relationships between the variables. Two hundred and twenty two healthy individuals (80 males and 142 females) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Scale for Suicidal Ideation, PTSD checklist-5, Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale and DUKE-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. To test the hypothesized model, this study examined the multiple mediation effect, moderation effect and moderated mediation effect using the structural equation model. The results showed that PTSD symptoms and depression partially mediated the relationship between childhood physical abuse and suicidal ideation. Futhermore, the moderation effect of the social support was significant in the relationship between childhood physical abuse and PTSD symptoms. Finally, the moderated mediation effect of social support was significant in the relationship among childhood physical abuse, PTSD symptoms, depression and suicidal ideation. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to examine the relationship of childhood physical abuse, PTSD symptoms, depression, and suicidal ideation. The findings highlight the importance of social support as a protective factor. However, it is difficult to establish causality in the relationships between the variables based on cross-sectional data. Providing ongoing social support and expanding positive social networks are important steps in preventing PTSD and suicide in childhood physical abuse victims.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the conceptual structure and content of self-understanding held by Korean middle-aged adults. From the interviews with thirteen middle-aged adults, 68 final statements were derived. The self-understanding of middle-aged adults had two dimensions: ‘original/internal- environment/external’ and ‘relational/contextual-realistic’. Seven clusters, including ‘Recognition and prediction of relational context’, ‘Expanding perspectives on other people and life’, ‘Awareness of the attitude of life’, ‘Acceptance of middle-aged sense of crisis’, ‘Awareness of the finiteness of life’, ‘Adaptation to changes in life’, and ‘Awareness of true self,’ emerged. The importance ratings of each cluster confirmed that middle-aged adults consider ‘Awareness of true self’ the most important. This study is meaningful in that it confirmed the contents, dimensions, and components of middle-aged Koreans' self-understanding as perceived from their own perspective through the concept mapping method.
This study aimed to investigate the differences in subjective family experience and psychological function according to whether former prisoners were raised by parents and are currently connected with their family. Subjective family experiences included experiences of family support, parent attachment, and childhood abuse. Psychological functions included empathy, ego-resilience, will for self sufficiency, and stress coping strategy. According to MANOVA results, former prisoners who are currently connected to their family and were raised by parents have higher psychological functions, less experience of childhood abuse, and more parent attachment than those who have lost contact with their family or were not raised by parents. This study is meaningful in that it revealed that former prisoners’ connection with their family in the present and in childhood is related to various psychological resources in addition to the subjective perception of their family.
