ISSN : 1229-0688
This study used van Manen’s hermeneutic phenomenological approach to examine the essence of client resistance perceived by novice counselors. The novice counselors interviewed for the study were master’s students or higher with training experience who were currently conducting counseling more than once a week. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 novice counselors who perceived client resistance within 6 months. The essence was “A world I was not willing to enter and stay”, “A professional self under pressure”, “A three-legged race with poor teamwork”, “A hint in the problem”, “A fallen place as a stepping stone for growth”. The essence of client resistance perceived by novice counselors was the client’s subjective world that the counselors did not understand, counseling focused on the goal of counseling rather than understanding the client, and a weakened belief in partnership. Beyond that, it was a signal for the client to inform the counselors, as well as a stepping stone for the client’s growth and the counselors’ learning. This study can help to facilitate discussion about novice counselors’ attitudes in the face of perceived client resistance, and can be used as basic data for novice counselor education and development.
This study examined the effects of a self-compassion writing program on social anxiety of college students. Furthermore, the program's effects on self-criticism, self-concept clarity, and social comparison tendency were examined to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between self-compassion and self-concept. 42 participants with social anxiety were randomly assigned to one of two groups: treatment (n=22) or wait-list control (n=20). The treatment group completed a writing task for 15 to 20 minutes once a day for six days. Pre- and post-treatment measurements were taken, and a two-week follow-up assessment was performed. The survey was completed by the wait-list control group at the same time as the treatment group. As a result, when compared to the control group, the treatment group demonstrated significantly higher levels of self-compassion and lower levels of social anxiety and self-criticism. These effects were maintained at the follow-up assessment. There was no significant difference in self-concept clarity or social comparison tendency. The implications, limitations, and future research directions were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to develop a postvention manual for secondary schools in Korea in the event of a student suicide. Existing studies and manuals were reviewed to identify potential guidelines. A focus group interview was conducted with 12 school staff members to identify the schools' current needs. Consequently, a draft manual with 33 postvention factors and 306 behavioral guidelines was created. The Delphi method was used to evaluate the necessity and feasibility of the preliminary guidelines. The expert panel of 16 people evaluated whether the suggested guidelines should be included in the manual on a 5-point Likert scale. The statements deemed necessary by 80% of the experts were selected. Finally, a postvention manual with five phases, 33 elements, and 277 items was developed. This study attempted to ensure the validity of the guidelines by using a systematic process, and contributed to more comprehensive postvention activities by augmenting strategies to manage SNS use and to support school staff.
The purpose of this study was to develop a self-report suicide screening questionnaire (SSQ-SR) and explore the applicability of each item to the general adult population. First, 77 items were developed through expert consultations, reviews of existing suicide risk assessment tools and literature, and analysis of suicide completers’ characteristics. After further review and rating by suicide experts, the number of items was reduced to 44 and then 29. In order to confirm the psychometric properties of the items, an online survey was conducted on 1,200 general adults. As a result of item-total correlation analysis, one item was eliminated. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses verified two factors. SSQ-SR demonstrated good reliability and validity. This study will serve as the foundational data for a forthcoming offline survey-based validation study.
The purpose of this study was to develop the Scale of Burnout Risk Factors for Professional Counselors (SBRC), which measures the level of counselors’ burnout risk. Based on literature and expert reviews, we developed 29 items. We then collected data from 576 professional counselors via an online survey. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the SBRC consisted of three factors and 23 items. Three factors of the SBRC were named ‘occupational factor’, ‘client factor’, and ‘professional counselor’s individual factor.’ In addition, the convergent and concurrent validity tests indicated that after controlling for social desirability, the SBRC was significantly correlated with scales measuring occupational stress, counselor burnout, and work engagement. Finally, the increment validity test revealed that the SBRC accounts for counselor burnout above and beyond occupational stress. Based on these findings, we discussed the limitations of this study, clinical implications, and future research directions.
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of mentalization and hostile attribution bias in the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and dysfunctional anger expression. Specifically, this study examined how childhood emotional abuse and childhood emotional neglect, which are subtypes of childhood emotional trauma, differ in their effects. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted on 440 adults aged 20 to 39 years. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS Macro. The main results are summarized as follows. First, mentalization had a significant mediating effect on the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and dysfunctional anger expression. Second, hostile attribution bias had a significant mediating effect on the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and dysfunctional anger expression. Third, mentalization and hostile attribution bias sequentially mediated the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and dysfunctional anger expression. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to examine the moderated mediating effect of negative affect (NA) and deliberate rumination (DR) on the relationship between perceived social support (SS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG). The participant sample included adults aged 19 to 39 (N=275) who reported having experienced a painful traumatic event. For this purpose, 5 scales were used, and data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and SPSS PROCESS Macro. First, SS had a positive effect on PTG and had an indirect mediating effect. Second, NA moderated the relationship between SS and RM. Also, the higher the level of NA, the greater the effect of SS on DR. Third, NA had a moderated mediating effect on the relationship between SS and PTG through DR. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating effect of sensory processing sensitivity on the relationship between mothers' parenting behavior and children's emotional and behavioral problems. Students in the 4th, 5th, and 6th grades from Gwangju and Jeonnam participated in this study. Data from 659 children were collected through offline and online surveys and analyzed using the PROCESS macro (Model 1). Sensory processing sensitivity showed a moderating effect on the relationship between mothers' warm and receptive parenting behavior and children's relationship difficulty, as well as the relationship between mothers' rejection and controlled parenting behavior and children's attention deficit hyperactivity. Sensory processing sensitivity showed a moderating effect on the relationship between mothers' permissive and neglectful parenting behavior and all emotional and behavioral problems. Counseling strategies should take into account the subfactors of parenting behavior and children's emotional and behavioral problems.
Given that people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits frequently experience emotional dysregulation, the purpose of this study was to examine how much attention they pay to and recognize their positive and negative moods. Study 1 examined the relationship between BPD traits and emotional awareness clarity among non-clinical college students and found that the higher the BPD traits, the lower the emotional awareness clarity. In terms of subscales, BPD traits were not significantly related to emotional attention but were significantly and negatively related to emotional clarity. Study 2 examined a subset of Study 1 participants with high BPD traits. Those assigned to the positive mood induction condition reported more positive mood but no change in negative mood, while those assigned to the negative mood induction condition reported more negative mood and less positive mood.
This study is to examine the experiences of parenting anxiety among parents raising primary school-aged children. To this end, interviews were conducted with 13 parents with children aged 6 to 12. Data were analyzed using Van Kaam’s Psycho-Phenomenological analysis method. As a result, 105 topics, 33 subcategories and 11 categories around three factors (parent, child, environment) were derived from 247 meaningful statements. The parent factor categories included “anxiety due to parental beliefs,” “parent anticipatory anxiety,” “parent role anxiety,” and “excessive parental responsibility.” The child factor categories were “concerns about their children’s development and health,” “expectations for their children,” “concerns about their behavior,” and “concerns about their relationship with their children.” Finally, the environment factors were “economic environmental insecurity,” “support environmental anxiety,” and “worry about child care.” The study’s findings confirmed the experience of parenting anxiety in rearing primary school-aged children. On that basis, basic data for parenting anxiety research and intervention were provided.
The study sought to reveal the phenomenon of forgiveness in family relationships as experienced by elderly women. Specifically, this study examined what elderly women who had been wounded by their family experienced while forgiving and what the experience meant to them. Eight elderly women over the age of 70 who had forgiven their families were recruited, and one-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted from March to June 2020. The data was analyzed using Giorgi’s phenomenological research method. Consequently, derived from the final 319 meaning units, forgiveness experiences of elderly women hurt in family relationships included eight components and 22 sub-components: ‘Pain due to hurt from family’, ‘Paying attention to one’s life,’ ‘Taking a look back at family,’ ‘External stimulus,’ ‘Empathy and reflection,’ ‘Catharsis and trace,’ ‘Changed relationships,’ ‘Discovering the meaning of forgiveness and the inner strength.’ Implications of counseling theory and practice, as well as and future directions, were discussed.
This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the difficulties faced by adult children who experienced parents' remarriage in adolescence, forming relationships with stepsiblings. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with eight adult children with stepsiblings from remarried families. Giorgi's phenomenological method was used for analysis. As a result, the relevant phenomenon was derived from a total of six categories, 15 theme clusters, and 43 topics. Specifically, categories were composed of followings; the experienced difficulties consisted of ‘being hard to get close’, ‘having non-existent conflicts’, ‘having new but not-on-my-side siblings’, and the coping experiences consisted of ‘watching things with new perspectives’, ‘staying away from conflicts’, ‘being ’real brothers’ step by step’. Finally, this study revealed the structure related to the difficulty of forming relationships and coping experiences among stepsiblings of adult children in remarried families. According to this result, implications for intervention in the counseling field were discussed.
This study explored the mediation effect of approach and avoidance coping strategies moderated by perceived controllability of events in the relation between gender microaggressions and depression. Survey was conducted on women in their 20s and 30s, and included the Everyday Gender Microaggression Scale, the Brief Approach/Avoidance Coping Questionnaire, the Stress Appraisal Measure, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. 344 responses were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The structural equation model’s fit was adequate. The results of the path analysis indicated that avoidance coping fully mediated the effect of gender microaggressions on depression, and that mediation effect was moderated by the perceived controllability. Specifically, the increased experience of gender microaggressions was found to cause more avoidance coping, which resulted in a higher level of depression. At this time, the higher level of perceived controllability reduced avoidance response, alleviating the effect on depression. The implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research were discussed.
This study attempted to develop and verify the effectiveness of a self-compassion based exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety using virtual reality. The exposure treatment program was developed based on self-compassion and cognitive restructuring interventions using virtual reality technology. Compared to the comparison and control groups, the experimental group showed decreased levels of public speaking anxiety and post-event rumination, and increased levels of self-compassion and social anxiety acceptance. The level of post-event rumination and social anxiety acceptance behavior influenced the reduction of public speaking anxiety. After a week, the ratio of looking at the audience and the ratio of looking at a near audience were compared between the first and second virtual reality presentations. As the result, both ratios were found to be higher the second time than the first. Based on the above research findings, the implications and suggestions were discussed.
Digital therapeutics (DTx) are evidence-based software programs developed to improve personal health. The term refers to programs that can diagnose, prevent, manage, and treat an individual's health condition. Due to the advancement of IT technology, the need and demand for digital health care has increased. In particular, interest in remote treatment has increased rapidly since the spread of COVID-19. As a result, DTxs have been developed in various fields and have proven to be effective. This study was conducted to confirm how DTxs, which are currently in high demand, are used in the mental health field, as well as to explore implications and future research directions. To that end, the specific mental health field that uses DTx, as well as the effectiveness of actual cases of DTx usage, were reviewed for each mental health symptom. Finally, the limitations and future prospects of DTx are discussed, with a focus on counseling and psychotherapy.
This study attempted to verify whether professional help-seeking attitudes mediated the influence of self-disclosure and self-concealment on potential clients' intention to use counseling, and whether this differed depending on their preferred counseling setting (face-to-face, phone, or chat counseling). To this end, an online survey of 412 potential clients in their teens to 70s was conducted. A chi-square analysis found significant differences in counseling setting preference by age group. Face-to-face counseling was the most preferred form of counseling for all ages, and among non-face-to-face counseling types, teenagers and 20s preferred chat counseling, while those in their 30s and older preferred telephone counseling. A multi-group analysis using a structural equation model (SEM) found that professional help-seeking attitude completely mediates the path from self-disclosure to intention to use counseling in all counseling settings. Based on the study's findings, implications for counseling service marketing and program development in face-to-face and non-face-to-face counseling settings were discussed.
This study investigated counselors’ perceptions and attitudes toward videoconferencing psychotherapy (VCP) based on their prior VCP experience. For this purpose, an online survey of 163 domestic counselors was conducted, and the data were analyzed using the modified consensual qualitative research method. As a result, counselors with VCP experience perceived VCP to be less inconvenient and more valuable than those without prior VCP experience. In addition, 2 areas, 18 categories, and 6 sub-categories were derived from counselors with VCP experience, and 1 area and 14 categories were derived from counselors without prior VCP experience. Counselors with and without VCP experience provided both positive and negative perceptions, and similarities and differences were discovered for each category. In addition, the various education counselors wanted to receive before conducting VCP were derived into categories. Finally, we discussed the implications and limitations of this study.
