- P-ISSN 2671-8197
- E-ISSN 2733-936X
This study examines how the Korean community in California was influenced by the Anti-Japanese laws and formated their characteristics as they adapted in California. In particular, this study focused on the Immigration Act of 1924 and Rice farming in California as main factors to affect Korean community during 1920s. After enactment of Immigration Act of 1924, Korean picture brides were discontinued and the ratio of Ise was rapidly increased. On the other hand, the bankruptcy of rice farming in 1920 was worsened by the Alien Land Act of 1920 and 1923. Koreans in California, who moved to urban areas and converted from farming to small business, showed some characteristics in the type of nuclear family. Koreans in California maintained basic traditional values-the relationship between parents and children, the authority of husband, separation of sexual roles in family, emphasis on the education. Nevertheless, they had to transform some traditional values to survive. Their efforts to adjust in California were reflected on equal support of education, alleviation of social preference of son, sexual equality, and improvement of woman's position.
김신행, (2004) 새하늘과 새땅을 향하여:L.A.연합감리교회의 100년역사 1904~2004, Los Angeles: LA 연합감리교회
민병용, (1986) 美洲移民 100年:初期人脈을 캔다, 한국일보사 출판국
손영호, (1996) 미국이민정책에 관한 연구, 1882~1924, 미국사연구
윤병욱, (2006) 나라밖에서 나라찾았네:미주한인독립운동사의 재인식, 박영사
최협, (1997) 미국의 이민정책과 아시아계 미국인, 현대사회과학연구
Almaguer, Tomas,, (1994) Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California, Berkeley: University of California Press
Azuma, Eiichiro, (2005) Between Two Empires: Race, History, and Transnationalism in Japanese America, New York: Oxford University Press
Chin, Soo-Young, (1999) Doing What Had To Be Done: The Life Narrative of Dora Yum Kim, Philadelphia: Temple University Press
Choy, Bon-youn, (1979) Koreans in America, Chicago: Nelson-Hall
Chun,Jinny, (1987) Ise and the Korean Independence Movement: Balancing Between Social Reality and Social Goals, M.A. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles
Daniels, Roger,, (1988) Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States Since 1850, Seattle: University of Washington Press
Daniels, Roger,, (1977) The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion, Berkeley: University of California Press
Daniels,Roger, (1970) American Racism: Exploration of the Nature of Prejudice, Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
Ichihashi, Yamato, (1932) Japanese in the United States: A Critical Study of the Problems of the Japanese Immigrants and Their Children, Stanford University: Stanford University Press
Kim,Won-Yong, (1959) Chaemi Hanin Osipnyun-sa(Fifty-Year History of Koreans in America), Reedley, California
Korean-American Collection, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Evelyn Kim Charr Papers
Lee, Mary Paik, (1990) Quiet Odyssey: A Pioneer Korean Woman in America, Seattle: University of Washington Press
Patterson, Wayne, (1988) The Korean Frontier in America: Immigration to Hawaii, 1896~1910, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
(1903) John Randolph Haynes Papers, Special Collection, University of California, Los Angeles
State Board of Control of California, (1920) California and the Oriental: Japanese, Chinese, and Hindus, Sacramento: California State Printing Office
Statutes of California, (1921) Sacramento: California State Printing Office,
Sunoo,Sonia Shinn, (1905) Korea Kaleidoscope: Oral Histories, Vol. 1 Early Korean Pioneers in USA 1903~1905., Davis, Calif.: Korean Oral History Project
Sunoo,Sonia Shinn, (2002) Korean Picture Brides: A Collection of Oral Histories, Davis, Calif.: Korean Oral History Project
Takaki,Ronald, (1989) Strangers From a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans, New York: Penguin Books
U.S.Department of Commerce, (1930) Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census of the United States 1930, Agriculture Vol. II, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office
U.S.Department of Commerce, (1932) ,Bureau of the Census.Fifteenth Census of the United States 1930,Population 2.General Report Statistics by Subjects, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office
U.S. Statutes at Large,
Waters,Mary C,, (2001) Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities, New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Wong,K.Scott, (1998) Claiming America: Constructing Chinese American Identities during the Exclusion Era, Temple University Press
Yim,Sun Bin, (1920) The Social Structure of Korean Communities in California, 1903~1920, Berkeley: University of California Press
Young Ho,Son, (1989) From Plantation Laborers to Ardent Nationalists: Koreans’ Experiences in America and Their Search for Ethnic Identity, 1903~24, Louisiana University