- P-ISSN 2671-8197
- E-ISSN 2733-936X
The tolerance is the soul of modern democracy. Nowadays, almost the western thinkers as well as the eastern misperceive this idea of tolerance as Western product proper to Europe. But I object to this prevailing misperception. Because this is against the real history of Western modern political thoughts, which accepted the idea of unlimited tolerance from the East Asia. Unlimited, in the sense that even the intolerant religions and the atheists are tolerated. This idea of unlimited tolerance is what Confucius as Wuwei (無爲) philosopher first invented. Some argue that the modern idea of tolerance has been originated and expanded from Hobbes’s concept of free fides . Hobbes divides belief into confessio (outer faith) and fides (inner faith), and makes the former state’s business, while the latter the free discretion of private person. But outer faith and inner faith is originally indivisible, and the contradiction between them is unable to bear. Therefore the ecclesiastical authority of the state relating to the outer faith suppresses also the inner faith. Hobbesian conception of state’s ecclesiastical authority is, in effect, a paradigm by which the state oppresses all other religions, whether outside or inside, except a religion allowed by the state. It is therefore principally impossible, that the modern idea of unlimited tolerance, which is appliable even to the intolerant sects and atheists, can be deducted from the Hobbesian state paradigm of ecclesiastical authority. For this reason, Spinoza and Locke, who found expressly & implicitly on the Hobbesian paradigm, failed to develop the modern idea of tolerance. For the first time, Pierre Bayle and Voltaire imported the Confucian idea of the unlimited tolerance and the real practices of unlimited religious freedom form the Far East. Now they destroyed the Hobbesian paradigm and transformed & coined that Confusian idea and the East Asian practice of the unlimited tolerance into the modern idea of ‘indifferent tolerance’ and ‘universal tolerance’for each. In conclusion, without Confucius and Est Asia, the western modern idea of tolerance & the freedom of religion and thought would have been impossible. The disenchantment of the christianly enchanted, rather haunted Europe, and the rise & developerment of western democracy which founds on the idea of unlimited tolerance as its soul also would have been so.
『大學』
『中庸』
『論語』
『孟子』
『書經』
『易經』
『禮記』
『孝經』
『孔子家語』,
「馬王堆帛書 ‘要’」 廖名春 釋文(續四庫全書編纂委員會 編)『馬王堆帛書周易經傳釋文』. 上海: 上古籍海出版社, 1995.
『世宗實錄』
『正祖實錄』.
杜預 注, 孔穎達 疏, 『春秋左傳正義』. 開封: 欽定四庫全書, 宋太宗 淳化元年[976年].
司馬光, 『資治通鑑』. 사마광 저, 권중달 역, 『자치통감(1)』. 푸른역사, 2002.
司馬遷, 『史記本紀』, 『史記世家』, 『史記列傳』.
王符, 『潛夫論』. 왕부 저, 임동석 역주, 『잠부론』. 건국대학교 출판부, 2004.
伊藤仁齋, 『語孟字義』(宝永二年刊本). 『伊藤仁齋·伊藤東涯』. 東京: 岩波書店, 1971.
李澤厚, 『中國古代思想史論』. 北京: 人民出版社, 1985. 리쩌허우 저, 정병석 역, 『중국고대사상사론』. 한길사, 2007.
丁若鏞 저, 全州大湖南學硏究所 譯, 『國譯與猶堂全書』 「經集 II·III·IV」. 전주대학교 출판부, 1989.
鄭玄 注, 賈公彦 疏, 『周禮注疏』. 十三經注疏編纂委會 간행, 北京: 北京大學校出版部, 2000.
朱熹 集註, 林東錫 譯註, 『四書集註諺解 ‒ 論語』. 學古房, 2006.
陳淳, 『北溪字意』. 陳淳 저, 김영민 역, 『북계자의』. 예문서원, 1993·2005.
何晏 注, 刑昺 疏, 『論語注疏』. 十三經注疏整理本, 北京: 北京大學出版社, 2000.
桓寬, 『鹽鐵論』(宣帝代 刊行). 환관 저, 김한규·이철호 역, 『염철론』. 소명출판사, 2002.
葛劍雄, 『千秋興亡』. 長春: 長春出版社, 2005. 거지엔슝 저, 이성희 역, 『천추흥망』. 따뜻한손, 2009.
금장태, 『귀신과 제사: 유교의 종교적 세계』. 제인앤씨, 2009.
김한규, 「염철론 ‒ 염철 논쟁을 통해서 보는 고대 중국사회」. http://terms.naver.com(최종검색일: 2012. 8. 27).
김한규, 「해제 ‒ 염철론(鹽鐵論)과 『염철론(鹽鐵論)』」. 환관(桓寬) 저, 김한규·이철호 역, 『염철론』. 소명출판사, 2002.
뤄양(駱揚), 「공자의 충서사상 논고」. 『동서사상』 제6집, 2009. 2.
박재주, 「유가윤리에서의 공감(sympathy)의 원리」. 『도덕교육연구』 제18권 2호, 한국도덕학회, 2007. 2.
尹貞紛, 「正統·天順 연간의 經史講論과 정국운영 ‒ 經筵의 제도화와 내각제 운영에 관하여」. 『중국사연구』 제61집, 2009.
尹貞紛, 「成化年間(1465‒1487)의 經筵과 정국운영」. 『명청사연구』 제4집, 2010.
이상익, 「유교의 忠恕論과 自由主義」. 『哲學』 제80집, 2004.
이영재, 「현대공감이론을 통한 공맹철학의 재조명: 프란스 드발의 통섭적 공감」. 『정신문화연구』 제35권 제2호, 2012.
이영재, 「공자의 ‘恕’ 개념에 관한 공감도덕론적 해석」. 성균관대학교 유학대학주최 2012년 유교문화권 국제학술회의 「유교 신르네상스」 제3분과(‘공자가 만든 서구의 근대’) 발표논문.
이태진, 『고종시대의 재조명』. 태학사, 2000, 초판 5쇄 2008.
朱謙之, 『中國思想對於歐洲文化之影響』. 上海: 商務引書館, 1940. 주겸지 저, 전홍석 역, 『중국이 만든 유럽의 근대 ‒ 근대유럽의 중국문화 열풍』. 청계, 2003·2010.
중국사연구실 편역, 『중국역사』. 신서원, 1993.
황태연, 『공자와 세계(1·2·3)』 제1권 「공자의 지식철학(상·중·하)」. 청계, 2011.
황태연, 『공자와 세계(4·5)』 제2권 「서양의 지식철학(상·하)」. 청계, 2011.
황태연, 「서구 자유시장론과 복지국가론에 대한 공맹과 사마천의 무위시장 이념과 양민철학의 영향」. 『정신문화연구』 제35권 제2호, 2012.
Aristoteles, Die Nikomachische Ethik. übers. u. hg. von Olof Gigon. München:Deutsche Taschenbuch Verlag, 1986.
Bayle, Pierre, Pensées diverses sur la comète (1682·1683·1704). Pierre Bayle, Various Thoughts on the Occasion of a Comet. Translated with notes and an interpretative essay by Robert C. Bartlett., Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.
Bayle, Pierre, A Philosophical Commentary on These Words of the Gospel, Luke 14.23, “Compel Them to Come In, That My House May Be Full” (1686·1687·1688). Edited, with an Introduction, by John Kilcullen and Chandran Kukathas., Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005.
Bayle, Pierre, Political Writings. Extracts from Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary. Edited by Sally L. Jenkinson., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Bayle, Pierre, Historical and Critical Dictionary (Selections). Translated by Richard H. Popkin., Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1991.
Darwin, Charles, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. In:Charles Darwin, Evolutionary Writings. edited, with an Introduction and Notes by James A. Secord., Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Du Halde, P., The General History of China‒ Containing A Geographical, Historical, Chrological, Political and Physical Description of the Empire of China, Chinese‒Tatary, Corea and Thibet, Four Vols. Translated by Brookes., London: Printed by and for John Watts at the Printing‒Office in Wild Court near Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 1736; the second edition 1739. 원본: Jean‒Baptiste Du Halde, Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l’empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, enrichie des cartes generales et particulieres de ces pays, de la carte generale et des cartes particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée, 1735.
Foucher, Simon, Lettre sur la Morale de Confucius, philosophe de la Chine. Paris: chez Daniel Horthemels, 1688.
Hobbes, Thomas, Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society. In: The Collected Works of Thomas Hobbes collected and edited by Sir William Molesworth, Vol. II. London: Routledge/Thoemnes Press, 1992.
Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan(1651), p. 167. The Collected Works of Thomas Hobbes. Vol. III. Part I and II. Edited. by W. Molesworth., London:Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1992.
Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects (1739‒1740). Edited by David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton, with Editor’s Introduction by David Fate Norton. Oxford·New York·Melbourne etc.: Oxford University Press, 2001(1st Edition)·2007(9th Press).
Hume, David, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding and Other Writings. Edited by Tom L. Beauchamp, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Intorcetta, Prosperi, Christian Herdtrich, Francisci Rougemont, Philippi Couplet, Confucius Sinarum Philosophus, sive Scienttia Sinensis Latine Exposta . Parisiis: Apu Danielem Horthemelis, via Jacoaea, sub Maecenate, M DC LXXXVII(1687). 불역본: Intorcetta, Prospero, Philippe Couplet, Christian Herdtrich, Francois Rougmont(abstracted and translated by Jean de Labrune, Louis Cousin & Simon Foucher), La morale de Confucius, philosophe de la Chine. Amsterdam: Chez Pierre Savouret, dans le Kalver‒straat, 1688. 영역본: Prospero Intorcetta, Philippe Couplet, Christian Herdtrich, Francois Rougmont, The Morals of Confucius, a Chinese Philosopher . London:Printed for Randal Taylor, 1691; second edition, Printed for F. Fayram, 1724.
Le Comte, Louis, Nouveaux mémoires sur l’état present de la Chine (Paris:1696). 영역본: Louis le Compte[sic!], Memoirs and Observations Topographical, Physical, Mathematical, Mechanical, Natural, Civil, and Ecclesiastical. Made in a Late Journey through the Empire of China. London: Tooke & Buckley, 1697.
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Discourse on Metaphysics (1686). In: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Discourse on Metaphysics, Correspondence with Arnauld, and Monadology. With an Introduction by Paul Janet, translated from the Original by George R. Montgomery. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company, 1902.
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Novissima Sinica ‒ Das Neueste von China (1697). hg. v. Heinz‒Günther Neseelrath u. Hermann Reinbothe. Köln: Deutsche China‒Gesellschaft, 1979.
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, “Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese” (1716). In: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Writings on China. Translated, with an Introduction, Notes, and Commentaries by Daniel J. Cook and Henry Rosemont, Jr., Chicago·LaSalle: Open Court Publishing Company, 1994. 라이프니츠 저, 이동희 역, 「중국인의 자연신학론」. 라이프니츠 저, 이동희 편역, 『라이프니츠가 만난 중국』. 이학사, 2003.
Locke, John, Two Tracts on Government (1660). In: John Locke, Political Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997·2006, 6th printing.
Locke, John, “An Essay on Toleration”(1667). In: John Locke, Political Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997·2006, 6th printing.
Locke, John, “Atheism”(1676). In: John Locke, Locke. Political Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997·2006, 6th printing.
Locke, John, An Essay concerning Human Understanding. In: The Works of John Locke, in Ten Volumes, Vol. VIII. London: 1823; Aalen, Germany:Reprinted by Scientia Verlag, 1963.
Locke, John, The Second Treatise of Government. An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government. In: John Locke, Treatises of Government (1689). Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Peter Laslett, Cambridge·New York·Port Chester·Melbourne·Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Locke, John, A Letter concerning Toleration (1689). In: The Works of John Locke, in ten volumes, vol. VI. London: 1823; Aalen, Germany: Reprinted by Scientia Verlag, 1963.
Locke, John, The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695). In: The Works of John Locke, in ten volumes, vol. VI. London: 1823; Aalen, Germany: Reprinted by Scientia Verlag, 1963.
Lord Brougham, Henry, The British Constitution: its History, Structure, and Working. London and Glasgow: Richard Griffin and Company, 1861.
Marx, Karl, Das Kapital I. Marx Engels Werke (MEW). Bd. 23. Berlin: Dietz, 1979.
Marx, Karl, Theorien über den Mehrwert. Erster Teil des Bd. 26. Marx Engels Werke (MEW). Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1979.
Navarrete, Dominick(Domingo) Fernandez, An Account of the Empire of China;Historical, Political, Moral and Religious. The First Publication in Spanish ‒Tratados Historicos, Politicos, Ethicos, y Religiosos de la Monarchia de China . Madrid: 1676; 영역본: London: H. Lintot, J. Osborn, 1681.
Nieuhoff, John, An Embassy from the East‒Indian Company of the United Provinces to the Grand Tatar Cham, Emperour of China, delivered by their Excellencies Peter de Goyer and Jakob de Keyzer, At his Imperial City of Peking (1655). Hague: 1669; 영역본: London: Printed by John Mocock, for the Author, 1669.
Platon, Politeia , In: Platon, Werke. Bd IV in Acht Bänden. Herausgegeben von Gunther Eigner. Deutsche Übersetzung von Friedrich Schleiermacher. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1977. Plato. The Republic. In: Plato Vol. V(vol. 1‒2) in twelve volumes, with an English Translation by Paul Shorey, Leob Classical Library. Cambridge·Massachusetts·London:Harvard University Press·William Heinemann LTD, 1975.
Platon, Gesetze (Νομοι η Νομοθεσιαι), Platon Werke. Zweiter Teil des Bandes VIII in Acht Bänden. Herausgegeben von Gunther Eigner. Bearbeitet von Heinz Hofmann. Deutsche Übersetzung von Friedrich Schleiermacher. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1973. Plato, Laws. In: Plato. Vol. X in twelve volumes, with an English Translation by R. G. Bury. Cambridge·Massachusetts·London: Harvard University Press·William Heinemann LTD, 1967.
Purchas, Samuel, Purchas, his Pilgrimage. Or Relations of the World and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places discovered, from the Creation unto this Present. London: Printed by William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone, 1614.
Semedo, Alvarez(Alvaro), Imperio de la China y Cultura Evangelica en el por les Religios de la Compania de Jesus (Madrid: 1641). 영문판: The History of the Great and Renowned Monarchy of China. London: Printed by E. Taylor for John Crook, 1655.
Smith, Adam, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, or An Essay toward an Analysis of the Principles by which Men naturally judge concerning the Conduct and Character, first of their Neighbours, and afterwards of themselves (1759, Revision: 1761, Major Revision: 1790). Edited by Knud Haakonssen, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002·2009(5. printing).
Spinoza, Benedict de(Baruch de), Tractatus Theologoco‒Politicus (1670). In:The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza. Translated from the Latin, with an Introduction by Robert H. M. Elwes, Vol. I. London: George Bell and Sons, York Street, Covent Garden, 1891.
Temple, Sir William, “An Essay upon the Ancient and Modern Learning.” London:First printed by J. R. for Ri. and Ra. Simpson under the title Miscellanea. The second part in four essays (1699). In: The Works of William Temple. London: Printed by S. Hamilton, Weybridge, 1814.
Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs et l’esprit des nations et sur les principaux faits de l’histoire, depuis Charlemagne jusqu’à Louis XIII (1756). 영역본: Ancient and Modern History , Vol. I in seven volumes. The Works of Voltaire, in forty three volumes. With a critique and biography by John Morley, Vol. XXIV. Akron[Ohio]: The Werner Company, 1906.
Voltaire, Dictionnaire philosophique (1764). 영역본: Philosophical Dictionary. In two volumes. London: W. Dugdale, 1843.
Voltaire, Traité sur la Tolérance (1763). 영역본: Voltaire, Treatise on Tolerance. Voltaire, Treatise on Tolerance and Other Writings. Edited by Simon Harvey, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 볼테르 저, 송기형·임미영 역, 『관용론』. 한길사, 2001.
Voltaire, “The A B C, or Dialogues between A B C ‒ Tenth Conversation. On Religion.” In: Voltaire, Political Writings. Edited by David Williams, Cambridge·New York·Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, first 1994, reprinted 2003.
Xenophon, Memorabilia(Recollections of Socrates). Translated and annotated by Amy L. Bonnette, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1994.
Adam, Ulrich, The Political Economy of J. H. G. Justi. Oxford, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Bern: Peter Lang, 2006.
Albrecht, Michael, “Einleitung.” Christian Wolff, Rede über die praktische Philosophie der Chinesen (Oratio de Sinarum philosophia practica). Übersetzt, eingeleitet und herausgegeben von Michael Albrecht. Hamburg:Felix Meiner Verlag, 1985.
Backhaus, Jürgen Georg, “From Wolf to Justi.” Jürgen Georg Backhaus(ed.), The Beginnings of Political Economy: Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2009.
Bartlett, Robert C., “Introduction.” In: Pierre Bayle, Various Thoughts on the Occasion of a Comet. Translated with notes and an interpretative essay by Robert C. Bartlett, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.
Binney, Matthew, “The New Nature in the Language of Travel: Domingo Navarrete’s and John Locke’s Natural Law Rhetoric”(6 pages in A4, 10 Point). coolessay.org/.../index‒60109.htm...(검색일: 2012. 8. 6).
Champion, Justin, “Bayle in the English Enlightenment.” In: Wiep van Bunge and Hans Bots(ed.), Pierre Bayle(1647‒1706), ‘le philosphe de Rotterdam’:Philosophy, Religion and Reception, Selected Papers of the Tercentenary Conference held at Rotterdam, 7‒8 December 2006. Leiden·Boston: Brill, 2008.
Clarke, John James, Oriental Enlightenment. The Encounter between Asian and Western Thought. London·New York: Routledge, 1997. 클라크 저, 장세룡 역, 『동양은 서양을 어떻게 계몽했는가』. 우물이 있는 집, 2004.
Crawford, Robert B., “The Social and Political Philosophy of the Shih‒chi (『史記』).” The Journal of Asian Studies , Vol. 22, No. 4, Aug., 1963.
Cummins, J. S., “the Introduction.” In: J. S. Cummins(ed.), Travels and Controversies of Friar Domingo Navarrete: 1618‒1686. Cambridge University Press published for The Hakluyt Society, 1962.
Darwall, Stephen, “Empathy, Sympathy, Care.” In: Philosophical Studies 89, 1998.
Davis, Walter W., “China, the Confucian Ideal, and the European Age of Enlightenment”. Journal of the History of Ideas, Oct.‒Dec. 1983, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 523‒548.
Davis, Walter W., Eastern and Western History, Thought and Culture, 1600‒1815. Lanham: University Press of America, 1993.
Demiéville, Paul, “Philosophy and Religion from Han to Sui.” Denis Twitchett and Michael Lowe(ed.), The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1, The Ch’in and Han Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
de Labrune, Jean, Louis Cousin & Simon Foucher, La morale de Confucius, philosophe de la Chine. Amsterdam: Chez Pierre Savouret, dans le Kalver‒ straat, 1687.
de Waal, Frans, Our Inner Ape . New York: Riverhead Books, 2005.
de Waal, Frans, “Morality Evolved ‒ Primate Social Instincts, Human Morality and the Rise and Fall of ‘Veneer Theory’.” In: Stephen Macedo and Josiah Ober(ed.), Primates and Philosopher ‒ How Morality Evolved. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
de Waal, Frans, The Age of Empathy. Nature’s Lessons for a Kinder Society. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2009.
Fairbank, John King and Goldman, Merle, China: A New History. Massachu‒setts: Harvard University Press, 1998. 존 킹 페어뱅크·멀 골드만 저, 김형중·신성곤 역, 『新中國史』. 까치, 2005.
Fetscher, Iring, “Einleitung” zu Thomas Hobbes Leviathan. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Iring Fetscher. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1984.
Frank, Andre Gunder, ReOrient. Berkeley: University of California, 1998. 안드레군더 프랑크 저, 이희재 역, 『리오리엔트』. 이산, 2003.
Gerlach, Hans Christian, “Wu‒wei in Europe ‒ A Study of Eurasian Economic Thought.” Copyright 2004 by Christian Gerlach(C.Gerlach‒alumni@lse. ac.uk. 최종검색일: 2010. 3. 11.).
Grapard, Allen G., “Voltaire and East Asia ‒ A Few reflection on the Nature of Humanism.” In: Cahiers d’Extrêm‒Asie, Vol. 1, 1985.
Gress, David, From Plato to Nato. The Idea of the West and its Opponents . New York·London: The Free Press, 1998.
Harvey, Simon, “Introduction.” In: Voltaire, Treatise on Tolerance and Other Writings. Edited by Simon Harvey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Hegel, Georg W. F., Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. G. W. F. Hegel Werke Bd. 7 in 20 Bänden. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1970.
Hobson, John M., The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization. Cambridge·New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004·2008.
Hudson, Geoffrey Francis, Europe and China: A Survey of their Relations from the Earliest Times to 1800. London: E. Arnold, 1931; Paperback Republi‒ shing, Boston: Beacon Press, 1961.
Israel, Jonathan I., Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650‒1750. Oxford·New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Israel, Jonathan I., Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670‒1752. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Israel, Jonathan I., “Bayle’s Double Image during the Enlightenment.” In: Wiep van Bunge and Hans Bots(ed.), Pierre Bayle(1647‒1706), ‘le philosphe de Rotterdam’: Philosophy, Religion and Reception. Selected Papers of the Tercentenary Conference held at Rotterdam, 7‒8 December 2006. Leiden·Boston: Brill, 2008.
Jenkinson, Sally L., “Introduction: a defence of justice and freedom.” In: Pierre Bayle, Political Writings, ed. by Sally L. Jenkinson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Jensen, Lionel M., Manufacturing Confucianism. Durham·London: Duke University Press, 1997·2003.
Kessler, Sanford., “John Locke’s Legacy of Religious Freedom”(1985). In: Richard Ash craft(ed.), John Locke. Critical Assessments . Vol. II. London·New York: Routledge, 1991.
Kilcullen, John, and Kukathas, Chandran, “Introduction.” In: Pierre Bayle, A Philosophical Commentary on These Words of the Gospel, Luke 14.23, “Compel Them to Come In, That My House May Be Full” (1686· 1687·1688). Edited, with an Introduction, by John Kilcullen and Chandran Kukathas, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005.
Kramers, Robert P., “The Development of the Confucian Schools.” In: Denis Twitchett and Michael Lowe(ed.), The Cambridge History of China , Vol. 1, The Ch’in and Han Empires . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Kraus, Hans‒Christof, Englische Verfassung und politisches Denken im Ancien Régime. München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2006.
Lach, Donald F., “The Sinophilism of Christian Wolff(1679‒1754).” Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 14, No. 4, Oct. 1953.
Loewe, Michael, “The Religious and Intellectual Background.” Denis Twitchett and Michael Lowe(ed.), The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1, The Ch’in and Han Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Maddison, Angus, Contours of the World Economy, 1‒2030 AD. Essays in Macro‒Economic History . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Maverick, Lewis Adams, China‒ A Model for Europe Vol. I. San Antonio in Texas: Paul Anderson Company, 1946.
McCormick, Ken, “Sima Qian and Adam Smith.” Pacific Economic Review . 4: 1, 1999.
McKenna, Anthony, “Pierre Bayle in the Twentieth Century.” In: Wiep van Bunge and Hans Bots(ed.), Pierre Bayle(1647‒1706), ‘le philosphe de Rotterdam’: Philosophy, Religion and Reception. Selected Papers of the Tercentenary Conference held at Rotterdam, 7‒8 December 2006. Leiden·Boston: Brill, 2008.
Menzel, Johanna M., “The Sinophilism of J. H. G. Justi.” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 17, No. 3, June 1956.
Moore, J. T., “Locke on Assent and Toleration”(1978). In: Richard Ashcraft(ed.), John Locke. Critical Assessments, Vol. II. London·New York: Routledge, 1991.
Murphey, Rhoads, A History of Asia . New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
Ogg, Frederic Austin, The Governments of Europe. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1916.
Peterson, Willard, “Confucian Learning in Late Ming Thought.” In: Denis Twitchett and Frederick W. Mote (ed.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368‒1644, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998·2007.
Peterson, Willard, “Learning from Heaven: the introduction of Christianity and other Western ideas into the Ming China.” In: Denis Twitchett and Frederick W. Mote(ed.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368‒1644, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998·2007.
Pinot, Virgile, La Chine et la formation de l’esprit philosophique en France, 1640‒1740. Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1932; Republishing ‒ Genève: Slatkine Reprints, 1971.
Popkin, Richard H., “Introduction.” In: Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, 2 vols., 1697; 4 vols., 1702, Selected and translated, with an Introduction and Notes by Richard H. Popkin, Indianapolis·Cambridge:Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1991.
Priddat, Briger, “Ist das ‘laisser‒faire’‒Prinzip ein Prinzip des Nicht‒Handels? Über einen chinesischen Einflúß in Quesnay’s Despotisme de la Chine auf das physiokratische Denken.” Diskussionsschriften aus den Institut für Finanzwissenschaft der Universität Hamburg, Nr. 16/1984.
Reichwein, Adolf, China und Europa im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert. Berlin:Oesterheld & Co. Verlag, 1922. 영역본: China and Europe ‒ Intellectual and Artistic Contacts in the Eighteenth Century. London·New York: Kegan Paul, Trench, Turner & Co., LTD and Alfred A. Knopf, 1925.
Rowbotham, Arnold H., “The Impact of Confucianism on Seventeenth Century Europe.” In: The Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3, May, 1945.
Schmitt, Carl, Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes(1938). Stuttgart:Klett‒Cotta, 1982·2003.
Taylor, Romeyn, “Official Religion in the Ming.” In: Denis Twitchett and Frederick W. Mote(ed.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368‒1644, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998·2007.
Van Bunge, Wiep, “The Presence of Bayle in the Dutch Republic.” In: Wiep van Bunge and Hans Bots(ed.), Pierre Bayle(1647‒1706), ‘le philosphe de Rotterdam’: Philosophy, Religion and Reception, Selected Papers of the Tercentenary Conference held at Rotterdam, 7‒8 December 2006. Leiden·Boston: Brill, 2008.
Vervoorn, Aat, Re Orient‒ Change in Asian Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006(3th ed.).
Wittgenstein, Ludwig J. Johann, “A Lecture on Ethics”(1929 or 1930). In: The Philosophical Review, Vol. 74, No. 1, Jan. 1965.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig J. Johann, “Notes on Talks with Wittgenstein”(1929). In:The Philosophical Review, Vol. 74, No. 1, Jan. 1965.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig J. Johann, Tagebücher 1914‒1916. In: Ludwig Wittgens‒tein Werkausgabe, Band 1 in 8 Bänden. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1984.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig J. Johann, Tractatus philosophicus (Logisch‒philosophi‒sche Abhandlung)[1918]. In: Ludwig Wittgenstein Werkausgabe, Band 1 in 8 Bänden. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1984.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig J. Johann, Vermischte Bemerkungen . In: Ludwig Wittgenstein Werkausgabe, Band 8 in 8 Bänden, Frankfurt am Main:Suhrkamp, 1984.
Young, Leslie, “The Tao of Markets: Sima Quian and the Invisible Hand.”Pacific Economic Review 1, 1996, pp. 137‒145.