Abstract

This study analyzed the effects of coaching leadership sub-factors (direction, accountability, development, relationship) on constructive voice behavior through leader trust and psychological safety as mediators among 219 employees in small and medium-sized automotive parts manufacturing companies. To address multicollinearity issues among coaching leadership sub-factors, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied, and latent profile analysis (LPA) was integrated to consider the heterogeneous characteristics of organizational members. The results revealed that among the coaching leadership sub-factors, direction and relationship factors had the greatest impact on constructive voice behavior through leader trust and psychological safety. Sequential mediation effects of leader trust and psychological safety were confirmed, and four distinct leadership profiles were derived through latent profile analysis. This study provides refined understanding of coaching leadership effectiveness by integrating variable-centered and person-centered approaches, offering practical implications for leadership development strategies in small and medium-sized automotive parts manufacturing companies. The findings suggest that coaching leadership effects vary significantly across different organizational contexts and member characteristics, highlighting the importance of customized leadership approaches in manufacturing environments.