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서구 자유시장론과 복지국가론에 대한 공맹과 사마천의 무위시장 이념과 양민철학의 영향 공자주의 경제·복지철학의 보편성과 미래적 함의에 관한 비교철학적 탐색
The Influence of Confucius’s, Mencius’s and Sima Quian’s Philosophy of Wuwei(compulsion-free) Market and Yangmin(Maintaining and Enriching the People) on the Western Theory of Free Market and Welfare State
한국학 / Korean Studies Quarterly, (P)2671-8197; (E)2733-936X
2012, v.35 no.2, pp.315-411
https://doi.org/10.25024/ksq.35.2.201206.315
(동국대학교)
황태연.
(2012). 서구 자유시장론과 복지국가론에 대한 공맹과 사마천의 무위시장 이념과 양민철학의 영향 공자주의 경제·복지철학의 보편성과 미래적 함의에 관한 비교철학적 탐색. , 35(2), 315-411, https://doi.org/10.25024/ksq.35.2.201206.315
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Abstract
This article examines the arguments of many Western scholars, that the Confucianism philosophy of the governmental care for maintaining and enriching the people(養民·富民) and the Wuwei(無爲) market (compulsion-free market) had a considerable influence on the formation of the Western theories of free market and welfare in the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century. The examining method is comprehensively to analyse the Confucius’s, Mencius’s and Sima Quian’s philosophy of economy and welfare, while comparatively analysing François Quesnay’s, David Hume’s, Adam Smith’s, Albrecht von Haller’s classical works regarding the free market, and Christian Wolff’s, Johann H. G. Justi’s and Georg W. F. Hegel’s classical works on the ‘Polizeistaat’ (the preceding german conception of ‘welfare state’), including the full account of the course and the measure of their embracing that Confucianism. The conclusion from this comparative analysis is that the influence of the Confucian and Mencian philosophy on the formation of the modern theory of free market and welfare state is not that of the reference-case level; but it is of the constitutive level. In short, the Western theory of free market and social welfare originated from the Confucianism philosophy of the Wuwei market and the public care for maintaining and enriching the people. At the same time, the 18th-century European scholars, in embracing the Confucianism, not just newly interpreted and developed the Confucianism philosophy, but also distorted and mingled it with impurities. The Confucian philosophy of maintaining the people, never by the class warfare, but by the practice of the virtue of self-sacrificing benevolence(仁), binds inseparately the Wuwei market and the welfare and eco-policy as two sides of one coin. But this two sides was in the course of Western acceptance separated and antagonistically confronted. Moreover, the Confucian ecological aspect for the nature preservation was lost. Accordingly, all the latest problems have been caused; i.e. those of the naked & brutal free market without welfare, or the authoritarian or class-dictatorial welfare state without free market, imperialism and exploitation, the Eastern class revolutions for the labourer-class welfare and the Western fascist counter-revolutions, the Western unsustainable class welfare state and its permanent crisis or its demolition(the unnatural combination of market and class welfare by means of the class warfare after the World War II and the permanent threat of its dismantling), and the global destruction of nature. Obviously, however, the historical fact, that the European philosophers embraced once enthusiastically the Confucian philosophy of economy and welfare, and that they secularized and modernized by this Confucian moral philosophy the haunted Western world, and that they established by it the idea of free market and welfare state, demonstrates in any way the universal validity of the Confucian philosophy, which goes beyond East and West, past and present. Simultaneously, the Confucianism, which binds the free market and the welfare & ecology policy by force of the social virtue of self-sacrificing benevolence, excluding the class warfare, perhaps could offer a new solution to those contemporary problems.
- keywords
- 공자주의(Confucianism), 양민(people maintenance), 무위(Wuwei, coercion -free), 자유시장(free market), 양호국가(Polizeistaat), 복지국가(welfare state), Confucianism, people maintenance, Wuwei, coercion-free), free market, Polizeistaat, welfare state
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