Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
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Vol.39 No.3
Abstract
Previous research on intergroup victimization has identified two modes of ingroup identification-attachment and glorification-that independently predict reactions to the past wrongdoings committed by the ingroup. The present study investigated how each type of ingroup identification affects support for reparation to be provided to a victimized outgroup in a context where the ingroup (the perpetrator) has already apologized to the outgroup (the victim). We hypothesized that ingroup glorification would negatively predict support for reparation, whereas ingroup attachment would positively predict the support. In addition, we proposed that the perceptions of ingroup moral credit and perceived personal responsibility for the victimized outgroup sequentially mediate the relationship between the two modes of ingroup identification and support for reparation. To test these hypotheses, we conducted two surveys with a total of 598 Korean adults. Our results showed the predicted serial mediation effect between ingroup glorification and support for reparation. In contrast, for the relationship between ingroup attachment and support for reparation, only a simple mediation effect of perceived responsibility was observed. Implications of these findings and directions for future research on intergroup reconciliation are discussed.
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the reasons for the low utilization of the witness testimony system in Korea while also seeking ways to enhance witnesses' willingness to testify. An online experiment was conducted with a total of 600 participants, with 150 individuals allocated to each of the four conditions based on nationality (Korean vs. British) and anonymity (anonymous vs. real-name). Participants responded to questions about their experiences and perceptions related to criminal cases (experience witnessing crimes, experience with identification procedures, knowledge of identification procedures) and perceptions (civic consciousness, police trust). They then read a crime (murder) scenario and an explanation of the anonymity/real-name condition and responded to a willingness-to-testify scale (5-point Likert scale). Results indicated that there were differences in experiences and perceptions based on nationality. British participants had more actual experience with incidents and participated more in witness identification procedures compared to Korean participants, and they exhibited higher civic consciousness and police trust. These results provide explanations for the differences in willingness to testify between countries and offer strategic insights for improving the willingness to testify among witnesses in Korea. Furthermore, an analysis of covariance using criminal case-related experiences and perceptions as covariates confirmed the main effects of nationality and anonymity, controlling for the effects of related variables. British participants showed a higher willingness to testify than Korean participants, and the willingness to testify was higher under the anonymous condition than the real-name condition. Additionally, an interaction effect between nationality and anonymity was observed. Under the anonymous condition, there was no difference in willingness to testify between British and Korean participants. However, under the real-name condition, British participants had a significantly higher willingness to testify than Korean participants. This suggests that although Koreans generally have a lower willingness to testify compared to British individuals, the willingness increases when the risk of identity exposure is reduced. The results of this study emphasize the importance of witness protection policies, such as an anonymous testimony system in Korea, suggesting the potential to increase willingness to testify through such institutional improvements.
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the Psychological Distance Scale (PDS) within the cultural context of Korea by examining its factor structure and testing its measurement invariance. A total of 698 participants completed the survey, with 350 responses used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and 348 for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA results supported a four-factor structure-geographical, temporal, social, and uncertainty distance-consistent with the original scale. However, two items originally classified under uncertainty in the initial version of the scale were found to load onto the temporal factor in the Korean data. Excluding these two items, the factor structure of the remaining 14 items replicated that of the original scale. Based on these findings, a revised factor structure reflecting the Korean cultural context was proposed. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good model fit, thereby supporting the structural validity of the scale. Furthermore, multi-group CFA demonstrated measurement invariance across age, gender, and disaster experience. The validated scale developed in this study can be used to assess the psychological distance of climate change among the Korean population.
Abstract
In this research, we tested whether attitudes toward international couples vary based on couple composition and participant gender, and whether these variations are serially explained by several variables (likelihood that the woman/descendants will reside in Korea, reproductive objectification, sexual objectification, and anticipated national resource loss). In Study 1, participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (international couple composition: Korean woman-foreign man vs. Korean man-foreign woman), and read a brief description of the couple. Participants then completed measures of negative attitudes/feeling temperature score toward the couple, the likelihood that the woman/descendants would reside in Korea, and anticipated national resource loss. For the Korean man-foreign woman couple, neither negative attitudes nor feeling temperature score differed by participant gender. In contrast, for the Korean woman-foreign man couple, male participants reported significantly more negative attitudes and lower feeling temperature score than female participants. These gender differences were serially explained by male participants’ lower perceived likelihood that the woman/descendants would reside in Korea, which in turn led to greater anticipated national resource loss. Focusing exclusively on the Korean woman-foreign man couple, Study 2 employed a correlational design to replicate the gender differences in attitudes and test whether these gender differences are serially mediated by reproductive objectification or sexual objectification, together with anticipated national resource loss. After reading the same couple vignette, participants reported negative attitudes, feeling temperature score, reproductive objectification, sexual objectification, and anticipated national resource loss. Consistent with Study 1, male participants again had more negative attitudes and felt a lower temperature score towards the Korean woman-foreign man couple than female participants. These differences were serially mediated by male participants’ greater tendency to view the woman as a reproductive (vs. sexual) object than female participants, which was associated with higher levels of anticipated national resource loss.
Abstract
Emojis (e.g., “”) serve as effective tools for expressing emotional states in digital communication. However, empirical evidence on the interpretation of various emojis is scarce in both scientific and practical domains. This study aims to systematically analyze the perceived emotional states of 74 facial emojis by applying the framework of the circumplex model of affect (Russell, 1980) with a Korean sample (N = 1,008). We assessed the perceived valence and arousal levels for each emoji, followed by hierarchical cluster analysis based on these two dimensions. The analysis revealed six distinct clusters characterized by different valence and arousal levels: A strong positive-high arousal sentiment, a moderately positive-medium arousal sentiment, a neutral sentiment with a positive bias, a neutral sentiment with a negative bias, a moderately negative-very low arousal sentiment, and a strong negative-low arousal sentiment. We discuss the patterns of Koreans’ perceived emotional states from emojis and the utility of emojis in global, non-linguistic digital communication, as well as in scientific research investigating everyday emotional experiences.
Abstract
This study employed a 2×2×2 factorial design experiment, manipulating three factors to two levels each: the type of crime, the victim’s role, and the defendant’s likelihood of guilt. The study aimed to explore whether the lay person’s verdict and sentencing of a defendant, as well as their rating of the victim’s responsibility, are affected by legal factors. Data were obtained from 135 juror-eligible adults who voluntarily participated in the experiment, and were analyzed. The results showed that lay verdicts and sentencing decisions varied according to the defendant’s likelihood of guilt, and that confidence in the verdict was higher in sexual assault cases than in murder cases. Participants in sexual assault conditions tended to choose a higher sentence than those in murder conditions. In murder cases, the higher the defendant’s likelihood of guilt, the stronger the sentencing decision made by lay people. In contrast to the no-victim’s role conditions, the likelihood of the defendant’s guilt did not affect the victim’s responsibility rating in murder cases with a victim’s role, whereas a negative relationship between the two variables was found in sexual assault cases. The results suggested that lay people’s legal decisions are not aligned with the established legal framework. The authors discussed ways to improve the likelihood of jurors making reasonable legal decisions, as well as the necessity of refining the related system.
Abstract
With the increase of socioeconomic disparity, numerous studies have investigated the psychological consequences of inequality. Existing findings indicate that individuals experiencing inequality may respond proactively by actively addressing inequality, or passively by ignoring or justifying it. These findings suggest that experiencing inequality can lead to both proactive and passive psychological reactions. The present study aimed to examine these two psychological pathways in responses to frequent experiences of inequality. Our study (N = 229) identified the predicted two pathways of inequality. Specifically, the frequency with which one experiences inequality were indirectly associated with: (1) proactive responses to unfairness through greater perceptions of societal inequality, and (2) passive responses through a reduced sense of control. We also found that the indirect effect involving greater perceptions of inequality (but not, the indirect effect via a reduced sense of control) was significant for experiences of inequality through media exposure. These findings highlight the dynamic and multi-dimensional relationship between inequality and psychological responses.
Abstract
This study examines whether elections exacerbate intergroup conflicts by using text mining techniques. To this end, we collected social media data before and after the 2024 South Korean parliamentary election and analyzed changes in hate speech targeting key electoral conflict factors: age, gender, and region. Beta regression analysis revealed that hate speech against these groups significantly increased during the election year (2024) and on election day (April 10). Notably, on election day within the election year, hate speech targeting age, region, and gender increased, whereas no such change was observed in the non-election year. These findings suggest that elections, often referred to as the “flower of democracy,” may be associated with a rise in online hate speech. This study provides a foundational basis for developing intervention strategies to mitigate the spread of hate speech during election periods.